The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lower Limits on Lorentz Factors in Gamma‐Ray Bursts
Open accessAbstract
As is well known, the requirement that gamma-ray bursts be optically thin to high-energy photons yields a lower limit on the Lorentz factor (γ) of the expansion. In this paper, we provide a simple derivation of the lower limit on γ due to the annihilation of photon pairs and correct the errors in some of the previous calculations of this limit. We also derive a second limit on γ due to scattering of photons by pair-created electrons and positrons. For some bursts, this limit is the more stringent. In addition, we show that a third limit on γ, obtained by considering the scattering of photons by electrons that accompany baryons, is nearly always less important than the second limit. Finally, we evaluate these limits for a number of bursts.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
BATSE observations of gamma-ray burst spectra. I - Spectral diversity
Band, D., Matteson, J., Ford, L., Schaefer, B., Palmer, D., Teegarden, B., Cline, T., Briggs, M., Paciesas, W., Pendleton, G., et al. (1993) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/172995 · Cited by 2,295
Gamma-ray bursts and the fireball model
Piran, T. (1999) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/s0370-1573(98)00127-6 · Cited by 1,498
Detection of a γ-ray burst of very long duration and very high energy
Hurley, K., Dingus, B. L., Mukherjee, R., Sreekumar, P., Kouveliotou, C., Meegan, C., Fishman, G. J., Band, D., Ford, L., Bertsch, D., et al. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372652a0 · Cited by 441
The Escape of High‐Energy Photons from Gamma‐Ray Bursts
Baring, M. G., & Harding, A. K. (1997) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/304982 · Cited by 127
High-energy gamma rays from the intense 1993 January 31 gamma-ray burst
Sommer, M., Bertsch, D. L., Dingus, B. L., Fichtel, C. E., Fishman, G. J., Harding, A. K., Hartman, R. C., Hunter, S. D., Hurley, K., Kanbach, G., et al. (1994) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/187213 · Cited by 124
The Escape of High-Energy Photons from Gamma-Ray BurstsPreprint
Baring, M. G., & Harding, A. K. (1997) · Cited by 90
Cited by
THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION
Atwood, W. B., Abdo, A. A., Ackermann, M., Althouse, W., Anderson, B., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Band, D. L., Barbiellini, G., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/697/2/1071 · Cited by 4,198
Zhang, B., Fan, Y. Z., Dyks, J., Kobayashi, S., Meszaros, P., Burrows, D. N., Nousek, J. A., & Gehrels, N. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/500723 · Cited by 1,079
“;X contrast is expected. spectrum (e.g., Baring &Harding 1997; Lithwick & Sari 2001), the reverse shock data (Sari & Piran 1999; Wang et al. 2000; Zhang et al. 2003), and the superluminal expansion of the radio afterglow source image (Waxman et al. 1998).”
BackgroundRelativistic Jets in Collapsars
Zhang, W., Woosley, S. E., & MacFadyen, A. I. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/367609 · Cited by 444
Femtolensing by dark matter revisited
Katz, A., Kopp, J., Sibiryakov, S., & Xue, W. (2018) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2018/12/005 · Cited by 253
Metadata
- Authors
- Lithwick, Y., & Sari, R.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2001-07
- Volume
- 555
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 540-545
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W1975417555
- Cited by
- 451
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 9.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Lower Limits on Lorentz Factors in Gamma‐Ray Bursts. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/321455
- The paper
- Lithwick, Y., & Sari, R. (2001). Lower Limits on Lorentz Factors in Gamma‐Ray Bursts. The Astrophysical Journal. https://doi.org/10.1086/321455
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
