Physical Processes Shaping Gamma‐Ray Burst X‐Ray Afterglow Light Curves: Theoretical Implications from the Swift X‐Ray Telescope Observations

Zhang, Bing; Fan, Y. Z.; Dyks, Jaroslaw; Kobayashi, Shiho; Meszaros, Peter; Burrows, David N.; Nousek, John A.; Gehrels, Neil

doi:10.1086/500723

Cited by 1,079Gamma-ray bursts and supernovaeAstrophysics and Cosmic PhenomenaAstrophysical Phenomena and Observations

Physical Processes Shaping Gamma‐Ray Burst X‐Ray Afterglow Light Curves: Theoretical Implications from the Swift X‐Ray Telescope Observations

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Zhang, Bing, Fan, Y. Z., Dyks, Jaroslaw, Kobayashi, Shiho, Meszaros, Peter, Burrows, David N., Nousek, John A., Gehrels, Neil·2006·The Astrophysical Journal

DOI 10.1086/500723

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Abstract

With the successful launch of the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer, a rich trove of early X-ray afterglow data has been collected by its onboard X-Ray Telescope (XRT). Some interesting features are emerging, including a distinct rapidly decaying component preceding the conventional afterglow component in many sources, a shallow decay component before the more "normal" decay component observed in a good fraction of GRBs, and X-ray flares in nearly half of the afterglows. In this paper we systematically analyze the possible physical processes that shape the properties of the early X-ray afterglow light curves and use the data to constrain various models. We suggest that the steep decay component is consistent with the tail emission of the prompt gamma-ray bursts and/or the X-ray flares. This provides strong evidence that the prompt emission and afterglow emission are likely two distinct components, supporting the internal origin of the GRB prompt emission. The shallow decay segment observed in a group of GRBs suggests that very likely the forward shock keeps being refreshed for some time. This might be caused by either a long-lived central engine, or a wide distribution of the shell Lorentz factors, or else possibly the deceleration of a Poynting flux-dominated flow. X-ray flares suggest that the GRB central engine is very likely still active after the prompt gamma-ray emission is over, but with a reduced activity at later times. In some cases, the central engine activity even extends to days after the burst triggers. Analyses of early X-ray afterglow data reveal that GRBs are indeed highly relativistic events and that early afterglow data of many bursts, starting from the beginning of the XRT observations, are consistent with the afterglow emission from an ISM environment.

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LSST will enable detection and measurement of gamma-ray burst afterglows and transients to high redshift, about 7.5.
“Detection and measurement of gamma-ray burst afterglows and transients ( e.g., Zhang & Mészáros 2004; Zhang et al. 2006; Kann et al. 2010 ) to high redshift ( ∼ 7.5 )”
From LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products (2019) · cites this paper as Zhang et al. 2006

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BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
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Background
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BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
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Method
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Self-citation
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An Analysis of Gamma‐Ray Burst Spectral Break Models
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BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
An unexpectedly rapid decline in the X-ray afterglow emission of long γ-ray bursts
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BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
The Evolution of a Structured Relativistic Jet and Gamma‐Ray Burst Afterglow Light Curves
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Dissipative Photosphere Models of Gamma-Ray Bursts and X-Ray FlashesPreprint
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Efficient acceleration and radiation in Poynting flux powered GRB outflows
Drenkhahn, G., Spruit, H. C., & Astrophysik, G. (. M.-P.-I. F. (2002) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020839/pdf · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Late internal-shock model for bright X-ray flares in gamma-ray burst afterglows and GRB 011121
Fan, Y. Z., & Wei, D.-M. (2005) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2005.00102.x · Cited by 212 · cited 5× · see citing works
“As a result, asRB 31 andRe 31, the reverse shock synchrotron component would stick out above the forward shock synchrotron component, and an X-ray bump is likely to emerge (see also Fan & Wei 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
A link between prompt optical and prompt γ-ray emission in γ-ray bursts
Vestrand, W. T., Woźniak, P. R., Wren, J., Fenimore, E. E., Sakamoto, T., White, R. R., Casperson, D., Davis, H., Evans, S. M., Galassi, M. C., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03515 · Cited by 203 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This model has been successful in interpreting the early optical emission from GRB 990123 (Akerlof et al. 1999; Sari & Piran 1999; Mészáros & Rees 1999), GRB 021211 (Fox et al. 2003; Li et al. 2003a; Wei 2003), and GRB 041219a (Blake et al. 2005; Vestrand et al. 2005; Fan et al. 2005c).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
The afterglow of GRB 021004: Surfing on density waves
Lazzati, D., Rossi, E., Covino, S., Ghisellini, G., & Malesani, D. (2002) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021618 · Cited by 203 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The light curves for a blast wave surfing on a density wave should be generally quite smooth (cf. Lazzati et al. 2002).”
Background
Implications of the Radio Afterglow from the Gamma‐Ray Burst of 1997 May 8
Eli Waxman, B., Kulkarni, S. R., & Frail, D. A. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305467 · Cited by 190 · cited 1× · see citing works
“;X contrast is expected. spectrum (e.g., Baring &Harding 1997; Lithwick & Sari 2001), the reverse shock data (Sari & Piran 1999; Wang et al. 2000; Zhang et al. 2003), and the superluminal expansion of the radio afterglow source image (Waxman et al. 1998).”
Background
Gamma-ray burst afterglows: effects of radiative corrections and non-uniformity of the surrounding medium
Dai, Z.-G., & Lu, T. (1998) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01681.x · Cited by 186 · cited 5× · see citing works
“This could be because of either a continuous operation of the central engine (Dai & Lu 1998a; Zhang & Mészáros 2001; Dai 2004), or a power-law distribution of the Lorentz factors in the ejecta that results in slower ejecta catching up with the decelerated fireball at later times (Rees&Mészáros…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Some Observational Consequences of Gamma‐Ray Burst Shock Models
Kumar, P., & Piran, T. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/308537 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Accretion of Low Angular Momentum Material onto Black Holes: Two‐dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Case
Proga, D., & Begelman, M. C. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/375773 · Cited by 178 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A magnetic-dominated accretion flow could also give rise to intermittent accretion flows due to interplay between the gravity and the magnetic barrier (Proga & Begelman 2003; Proga & Zhang 2006).”
Background
Variabilities of Gamma‐Ray Burst Afterglows: Long‐acting Engine, Anisotropic Jet, or Many Fluctuating Regions?
Ioka, K., Kobayashi, S., & Zhang, B. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/432567 · Cited by 175 · cited 2× · see citing works
“However, in such a case it is very hard to achieve a large contrast between the flares and the underlying afterglow level (Ioka et al. 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Giant X‐Ray Flare of GRB 050502B: Evidence for Late‐Time Internal Engine Activity
Falcone, A., Burrows, D. N., Lazzati, D., Campana, S., Kobayashi, S., Zhang, B., Mészáros, P., Page, K. L., Kennea, J. A., Romano, P., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/500655 · Cited by 168 · cited 6× · see citing works
“This is in contrast with the X-ray flare data that show rapid decays right after the flare peak (e.g., Burrows et al. 2005a; Falcone et al. 2006; Romano et al. 2006; O’Brien et al. 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Gamma‐Ray Bursts with Continuous Energy Injection and Their Afterglow Signature
Zhang, B., & Mészáros, P. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/338247 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citation
AChandraSurvey of Broad Absorption Line Quasars
Green, P. J., Aldcroft, T. L., Mathur, S., Wilkes, B. J., & Elvis, M. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/322311 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
SwiftObservations of the X‐Ray–Bright GRB 050315
Vaughan, S., Goad, M. R., Beardmore, A. P., O'Brien, P. T., Osborne, J. P., Page, K. L., Barthelmy, S. D., Burrows, D. N., Campana, S., Cannizzo, J. K., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/499069 · Cited by 159 · cited 5× · see citing works
“In some cases (e.g., GRB 050315; Vaughan et al. 2006), a further steepening is detected after the normal decay phase, which is consistent with a jet break.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
On the Energy of Gamma‐Ray Bursts
Freedman, D. L., & Waxman, E. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/318386 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Quasi-universal Gaussian Jets: A Unified Picture for Gamma-Ray Bursts and X-Ray Flashes
Zhang, B., Dai, X., Lloyd-Ronning, N., & Mészáros, P. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/382132 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citation
Gamma-Ray Bursts: Restarting the Engine
King, A. R., O'Brien, P. T., Goad, M. R., Osborne, J. P., Olsson, E., & Page, K. L. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/496881 · Cited by 154 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The star may fragment into several pieces during the collapse (King et al. 2005).”
Background
Flares in long and short Gamma-Ray Bursts: a common origin in a hyperaccreting accretion disk
Perna, R., Armitage, P. J., & Zhang, B. (2005) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Neutron Component in Fireballs of Gamma‐Ray Bursts: Dynamics and Observable Imprints
Derishev, E. V., Kocharovsky, V. V., & Kocharovsky, V. V. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/307574 · Cited by 152 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Derishev et al. (1999), Beloborodov (2003), and Rossi et al. (2004) suggested that a baryonic fireball contains free neutrons, the decay of whichwould leave important imprints on the light curve.”
Background
Collapsar Jets, Bubbles, and F[CLC]e[/CLC] Lines
Mészáros, P., & Rees, M. J. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/322934 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Energetics and Luminosity Function of Gamma‐Ray Bursts
Kumar, P., & Piran, T. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/308847 · Cited by 147 · cited 5× · see citing works
“A related model considers a jet with large energy fluctuations in the angular direction, so that its energy distribution is patchy (Kumar & Piran 2000a).”
BackgroundInfluential
Gamma-Ray Burst Energetics
Kumar, P. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/312265 · Cited by 147 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This refers to a very high apparent GRB radiation efficiency, even higher than the one estimated using the late X-ray afterglow data (Lloyd-Ronning&Zhang 2004).11 The commonly invoked internal shock model predicts a low-emission efficiency (e.g., Panaitescu et al. 1999; Kumar 1999).”
Result
GRB 021004: Reverse Shock Emission
Kobayashi, S., & Zhang, B. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/367691 · Cited by 147 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…¼ 1:4 ; 104 s 1þ Yð Þ e; 1 B; 2A ¼ 14 sð Þ 1þ Yð Þ e; 1 B; 2A ; 3: ð13Þ The deceleration time is essentially the duration of the burst, i.e., tdec T ¼ (20 s)T1:3, since for typical parameters the wind model is the so-called thick-shell case (e.g., Chevalier & Li 2000; Kobayashi & Zhang 2003b).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Afterglow Emission from Highly Collimated Jets with Flat Electron Spectra: Application to the GRB 010222 Case?
Dai, Z.-G., & Cheng, K. S. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/323566 · Cited by 147 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Dai & Cheng (2001) proposed one scenario to deal with the case of p < 2, while Panaitescu & Kumar (2002) extended the treatment of the p > 2 case to the p 2 regime.”
BackgroundResult
An Analysis of Gamma-Ray Burst Spectral Break Models
Zhang, B., & Mészáros, P. (2002) · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citation
Steepening of Afterglow Decay for Jets Interacting with Stratified Media
Kumar, P., & Panaitescu, A. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/312888 · Cited by 144 · cited 4× · see citing works
“This is the so-called curvature effect (Fenimore et al. 1996; Kumar & Panaitescu 2000b; Dermer 2004; Dyks et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
On the Energy of Gamma-Ray BurstsPreprint
Freedman, D. L., & Waxman, E. (2001) · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Curvature Effects in Gamma‐Ray Burst Colliding Shells
DERMER, C. D. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/426532 · Cited by 133 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Another potential test of the curvature effect is to search for a correlation between the spectral peak energy (Epk) and the flux at the peak (Fpk; Dermer 2004).”
BackgroundInfluential
Relativistic Wind Bubbles and Afterglow Signatures
Dai, Z.-G. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/383019 · Cited by 132 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This could be because of either a continuous operation of the central engine (Dai & Lu 1998a; Zhang & Mészáros 2001; Dai 2004), or a power-law distribution of the Lorentz factors in the ejecta that results in slower ejecta catching up with the decelerated fireball at later times (Rees&Mészáros…”
Background
The Diversity of Gamma‐Ray Burst Afterglows and the Surroundings of Massive Stars
Chevalier, R. A., Li, Z., & Fransson, C. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/382867 · Cited by 132 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In order to accommodate the data, it has been suggested that the wind parameter may be small so that at a late enough time the blast wave is already propagating in an ISM (e.g., Chevalier et al. 2004).”
Background
Discovery of Early Optical Emission from GRB 021211
Fox, D. B., Price, P. A., Soderberg, A. M., Berger, E., Kulkarni, S. R., Sari, R., Frail, D. A., Harrison, F., Yost, S. A., Matthews, K., et al. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/374683 · Cited by 131 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This model has been successful in interpreting the early optical emission from GRB 990123 (Akerlof et al. 1999; Sari & Piran 1999; Mészáros & Rees 1999), GRB 021211 (Fox et al. 2003; Li et al. 2003a; Wei 2003), and GRB 041219a (Blake et al. 2005; Vestrand et al. 2005; Fan et al. 2005c).”
BackgroundMethod
Constraining the Structure of Gamma‐Ray Burst Jets through the Afterglow Light Curves
Granot, J., & Kumar, P. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/375489 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The Escape of High‐Energy Photons from Gamma‐Ray Bursts
Baring, M. G., & Harding, A. K. (1997) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/304982 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Rebrightening of XRF 030723: Further Evidence for a Two‐Component Jet in a Gamma‐Ray Burst
Huang, Y.-F., Wu, X.-F., Dai, Z.-G., Ma, H. T., & Lu, T. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/382202 · Cited by 130 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This gives a physical motivation to the phenomenological two-component jet model (e.g., Lipunov et al. 2001; Berger et al. 2003; Huang et al. 2004).”
Background
On Beaming Effects in Afterglow Light Curves
Moderski, R., Sikora, M., & Bulik, T. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/308257 · Cited by 130 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The latest addition is to also include the kinetic evolution of the electron distribution (Moderski et al. 2000).”
BackgroundMethod
On the Efficiency of Internal Shocks in Gamma-Ray Bursts
Beloborodov, A. M. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/312830 · Cited by 129 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Understanding such a high apparent radiation efficiency is therefore desirable (see, e.g., Beloborodov 2000; Kobayashi & Sari 2001).”
Background
Probing the Environment in Gamma‐Ray Bursts: The Case of an X‐Ray Precursor, Afterglow Late Onset, and Wind Versus Constant Density Profile in GRB 011121 and GRB 011211
Piro, L., de Pasquale, M., Paolo Soffitta, A., Lazzati, D., Amati, L., Costa, E., Feroci, M., Frontera, F., Guidorzi, C., Zand, J. J. M. I. ’., et al. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/428377 · Cited by 126 · cited 4× · see citing works
“A similar feature was evident for GRB 011121 detected by BeppoSAX (Piro et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
Power Density Spectra of Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Internal Shock Model
Panaitescu, A., Spada, M., & Mészáros, P. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/312230 · Cited by 123 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This refers to a very high apparent GRB radiation efficiency, even higher than the one estimated using the late X-ray afterglow data (Lloyd-Ronning&Zhang 2004).11 The commonly invoked internal shock model predicts a low-emission efficiency (e.g., Panaitescu et al. 1999; Kumar 1999).”
Result
Early Optical Afterglows from Wind‐Type Gamma‐Ray Bursts
Kobayashi, S., & Zhang, B. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/378283 · Cited by 122 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…¼ 1:4 ; 104 s 1þ Yð Þ e; 1 B; 2A ¼ 14 sð Þ 1þ Yð Þ e; 1 B; 2A ; 3: ð13Þ The deceleration time is essentially the duration of the burst, i.e., tdec T ¼ (20 s)T1:3, since for typical parameters the wind model is the so-called thick-shell case (e.g., Chevalier & Li 2000; Kobayashi & Zhang 2003b).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Early Light Curve of the Optical Afterglow of GRB 021211
Li, W., Filippenko, A. V., Chornock, R., & Jha, S. W. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/374684 · Cited by 122 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…e.g.,Mészáros& Rees 1997a, 1999; Sari & Piran 1999; Kobayashi 2000; Kobayashi & Zhang 2003a, 2003b; Zhang et al. 2003; Wei 2003; Wu et al. 2003; Li et al. 2003b; Fan et al. 2004a, 2005b, 2005c; Zhang & Kobayashi 2005; Nakar & Piran 2004;McMahon et al. 2004), possible early X-ray afterglow…”
BackgroundMethod
Dynamical Evolution, Light Curves, and Spectra of Spherical and Collimated Gamma‐Ray Burst Remnants
Panaitescu, A., & Meszaros, P. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/308005 · Cited by 121 · cited 1× · see citing works
“When becomes smaller than 1j , the light curve steepens because of the combination of the jet edge effect and the possible sideways expansion effect (Rhoads 1999; Sari et al. 1999; Panaitescu & Mészáros 1999).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Early afterglow emission from a reverse shock as a diagnostic tool for gamma-ray burst outflows
Nakar, E., & Piran, T. (2004) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08099.x · Cited by 117 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…Kobayashi & Zhang 2003a, 2003b; Zhang et al. 2003; Wei 2003; Wu et al. 2003; Li et al. 2003b; Fan et al. 2004a, 2005b, 2005c; Zhang & Kobayashi 2005; Nakar & Piran 2004;McMahon et al. 2004), possible early X-ray afterglow signatures have been only sparsely studied (e.g., Kumar& Panaitescu 2000b;…”
Background
The afterglow of GRB 021004: Surfing on density waves
Lazzati, D., Rossi, E. M., Covino, S., Ghisellini, G., & Malesani, D. B. (2002) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021618/pdf · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Testing the Curvature Effect and Internal Origin of Gamma-Ray Burst Prompt Emissions and X-ray Flares with Swift DataPreprint
Liang, E., Zhang, B., O’Brien, P. T., et al. (2006) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0602142 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citation
A unified treatment of the gamma-ray burst 021211 and its afterglow
Kumar, P., & Panaitescu, A. (2003) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2003.07138.x · Cited by 114 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It has been found that RB is indeed larger than unity for GRB 990123 and GRB 021211 (Zhang et al. 2003; Fan et al. 2002; Kumar & Panaitescu 2003; Panaitescu & Kumar 2004; McMahon et al. 2004).”
Background
An infrared flash contemporaneous with the γ-rays of GRB 041219a
Blake, C. H., Bloom, J. S., Starr, D., Falco, E. E., Skrutskie, M. F., Fenimore, E. E., Duchêne, G., Szentgyorgyi, A. H., Hornstein, S. D., Prochaska, J. X., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03520 · Cited by 113 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This model has been successful in interpreting the early optical emission from GRB 990123 (Akerlof et al. 1999; Sari & Piran 1999; Mészáros & Rees 1999), GRB 021211 (Fox et al. 2003; Li et al. 2003a; Wei 2003), and GRB 041219a (Blake et al. 2005; Vestrand et al. 2005; Fan et al. 2005c).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
The Early Light Curve of the Optical Afterglow of GRB 021211
Li, W., Filippenko, A. V., Chornock, R., & Jha, S. W. (2003) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Optical flashes and very early afterglows in wind environments
Wu, X.-F., Dai, Z.-G., Huang, Y.-F., & Lu, T. (2003) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06602.x · Cited by 110 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…the optical band; e.g.,Mészáros& Rees 1997a, 1999; Sari & Piran 1999; Kobayashi 2000; Kobayashi & Zhang 2003a, 2003b; Zhang et al. 2003; Wei 2003; Wu et al. 2003; Li et al. 2003b; Fan et al. 2004a, 2005b, 2005c; Zhang & Kobayashi 2005; Nakar & Piran 2004;McMahon et al. 2004), possible early…”
SwiftPanchromatic Observations of the Bright Gamma‐Ray Burst GRB 050525a
Blustin, A. J., Band, D. L., Barthelmy, S. D., Boyd, P. T., Capalbi, M., Holland, S. T., Marshall, F. E., Mason, K. O., Perri, M., Poole, T., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/498425 · Cited by 110 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This conclusion also applies to other well-studied Swift bursts (e.g., GRB 050525a; Blustin et al. 2006).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Discovery of an Afterglow Extension of the Prompt Phase of Two Gamma-Ray Bursts Observed by Swift
Barthelmy, S. D., Cannizzo, J. K., Gehrels, N., Cusumano, G., Mangano, V., O'Brien, P. T., Vaughan, S., Zhang, B., Burrows, D. N., Campana, S., et al. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/499432 · Cited by 110 · cited 9× · see citing works
“The similar light curves for some long GRBs (e.g., GRB 050502B; Burrows et al. 2005a) and some short GRBs (e.g., GRB 050724; Barthelmy et al. 2005b) indicate that different progenitor systems may share some similarities in the central engine.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
F[CLC]e[/CLC] Kα Emission from a Decaying Magnetar Model of Gamma-Ray Bursts
Rees, M. J., & Mészáros, P. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/317882 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION, LIGHT-CURVES AND SPECTRA OF SPHERICAL AND COLLIMATED GAMMA-RAY BURST REMNANTSPreprint
Panaitescu, A., & Mészáros, P. (1999) · Cited by 108 · see citing works
On the Kinetic Energy and Radiative Efficiency of Gamma‐Ray Bursts
Lloyd-Ronning, N., & Zhang, B. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/423026 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citation
Short-Timescale Variability in the External Shock Model of Gamma-Ray Bursts
DERMER, C. D., & Mitman, K. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/311898 · Cited by 105 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Are prompt emission and afterglow both from the external shock (Mészáros & Rees 1993; Dermer & Mitman 1999) or do they come from different locations (i.e., prompt emission from the internal shocks [Rees & Mészáros 1994; Paczynski & Xu 1994], while the afterglow comes from the external shock…”
Background
Optical Flash of GRB 990123: Constraints on the Physical Parameters of the Reverse Shock
Fan, Y.-Z., Dai, Z.-G., Huang, Y.-F., & Lu, T. (2002) · 天文和天体物理学研究：英文版 · doi:10.1088/1009-9271/2/5/449 · Cited by 101 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Fan et al. (2002) performed a detailed fit to the GRB 990123 data and obtained re ¼ 4:7 fe and rB ¼ 400 f B .”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
A Unified Model of Short and Long Gamma-Ray Bursts, X-Ray-rich Gamma-Ray Bursts, and X-Ray Flashes
Yamazaki, R., Ioka, K., & Nakamura, T. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/421872 · Cited by 100 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This would correspond to a patchy shell (Kumar & Piran 2000b) or a minijet (Yamazaki et al. 2004).”
Background
The Giant X-ray Flare of GRB 050502B: Evidence for Late-Time Internal Engine Activity
Falcone, A. D., Angelini, L., Beardmore, A. P., Burrows, D. N., Campana, S., Capalbi, M., Chincarini, G., Cusumano, G., Gehrels, N., Giommi, P., et al. (2005) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citation
Ultraefficient Internal Shocks
Kobayashi, S., & Sari, R. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/320249 · Cited by 94 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Understanding such a high apparent radiation efficiency is therefore desirable (see, e.g., Beloborodov 2000; Kobayashi & Sari 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Gamma-ray bursts with continuous energy injection and their afterglow signature
Zhang, B., & Mészáros, P. (2001) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citation
The very early afterglow powered by ultra-relativistic mildly magnetized outflows
Fan, Y.-Z., Wei, D.-M., & Wang, C. F. (2004) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041115 · Cited by 92 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…Rees 1997a, 1999; Sari & Piran 1999; Kobayashi 2000; Kobayashi & Zhang 2003a, 2003b; Zhang et al. 2003; Wei 2003; Wu et al. 2003; Li et al. 2003b; Fan et al. 2004a, 2005b, 2005c; Zhang & Kobayashi 2005; Nakar & Piran 2004;McMahon et al. 2004), possible early X-ray afterglow signatures have…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Linearly Polarized X-Ray Flares following Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
Fan, Y.-Z., Zhang, B., & Proga, D. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/499489 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citation
Energetics and Luminosity Function of Gamma-ray Bursts
Kumar, P., & Piran, T. (1999) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Gamma-ray bursts as standard-energy explosions
Lipunov, V., Postnov, K. A., & Прохоров, М. Е. (2001) · Astronomy Reports · doi:10.1134/1.1353364 · Cited by 87 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This gives a physical motivation to the phenomenological two-component jet model (e.g., Lipunov et al. 2001; Berger et al. 2003; Huang et al. 2004).”
Background
Evolution of a neutrino-cooled disc in gamma-ray bursts
Janiuk, A., Perna, R., Matteo, T. D., & Czerny, B. (2004) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08377.x · Cited by 86 · cited 2× · see citing works
“=3 at later times (MacFadyen et al. 2001; Janiuk et al. 2004), which has no effect on the blast wave evolution.”
Background
Afterglow Light Curves from Impulsive Relativistic Jets with an Unconventional Structure
Granot, J. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/432676 · Cited by 83 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The optical light curves of the two-component jetmodel have been calculated byHuang et al. (2004) and Granot (2005).”
Method
The Escape of High-Energy Photons from Gamma-Ray BurstsPreprint
Baring, M. G., & Harding, A. K. (1997) · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Gamma-ray bursts: Restarting the EnginePreprint
King, A. R., O'Brien, P. T., Goad, M. R., Osborne, J. P., (7590029), E. O., & Page, K. L. (2005) · Cited by 78 · see citing works
On the Efficiency of Internal Shocks in Gamma-Ray Bursts
Beloborodov, A. M. (2000) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Analysis of two scenarios for the early optical emission of the gamma-ray burst afterglows 990123 and 021211
Panaitescu, A., & Kumar, P. (2004) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08083.x · Cited by 75 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It has been found that RB is indeed larger than unity for GRB 990123 and GRB 021211 (Zhang et al. 2003; Fan et al. 2002; Kumar & Panaitescu 2003; Panaitescu & Kumar 2004; McMahon et al. 2004).”
Background
GRB 030226 in a Density-Jump Medium
Dai, Z. G., & Wu, X. F. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/377037 · Cited by 73 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The interaction of a fireball with density bumps has been studied previously by many authors (e.g., Lazzati et al. 2002; Dai & Wu 2003).”
Power Density Spectra of $\\gamma$-Ray Bursts in the Internal Shock Model
Panaitescu, A., Spada, M., & Mészáros, P. (1999) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The State of the Circumstellar Medium Surrounding Gamma‐Ray Burst Sources and Its Effect on the Afterglow Appearance
Ramirez‐Ruiz, E., Garcia‐Segura, G., Salmonson, J. D., & Perez‐Rendon, B. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/432433 · Cited by 68 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Our detailed calculations suggest that the variation caused by density inhomogeneities is generally not very significant (see also Ramirez-Ruiz et al. 2005).”
Background
A Unified Model of Short and Long Gamma-Ray Bursts, X-Rayndashrich Gamma-Ray Bursts, and X-Ray Flashes
Yamazaki, R., Ioka, K., & Nakamura, T. (2004) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Evidence for an Early High-Energy Afterglow Observed with BATSE from GRB 980923
Giblin, T. W., van Paradijs, J., Kouveliotou, C., Connaughton, V., Wijers, R. A. M. J., Briggs, M. S., Preece, R. D., & Fishman, G. J. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/312285 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Neutron-fed Afterglows of Gamma-Ray Bursts
Beloborodov, A. M. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/374258 · Cited by 56 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Derishev et al. (1999), Beloborodov (2003), and Rossi et al. (2004) suggested that a baryonic fireball contains free neutrons, the decay of whichwould leave important imprints on the light curve.”
Background
Confirmation of the [FORMULA][F]E[SUP][RM]src[/RM][/SUP][INF][RM]peak[/RM][/INF]-E[INF][RM]iso[/RM][/INF][/F][/FORMULA] (Amati) Relation from the X-Ray Flash XRF 050416AObserved by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope
Sakamoto, T., Barbier, L. M., Barthelmy, S. D., Cummings, J. R., Fenimore, E., Gehrels, N., Hullinger, D. D., Krimm, H. A., Markwardt, C. B., Palmer, D. M., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/500261 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citation
Early Optical-Infrared Emission from GRB 041219a: Neutron-rich Internal Shocks and a Mildly Magnetized External Reverse Shock
Fan, Y.-Z., Zhang, B., & Wei, D. M. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/432616 · Cited by 54 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Fan et al. (2005a) argued that at least for the flares following short GRBs, the process that powers the flares has to be of magnetic origin.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
GRB 030226 in a Density-Jump MediumPreprint
Dai, Z. G., & Wu, X. F. (2003) · Cited by 54 · see citing works
SwiftXRT Observations of the Afterglow of GRB 050319
Cusumano, G., Mangano, V., Angelini, L., Barthelmy, S. D., Beardmore, A. P., Burrows, D. N., Campana, S., Cannizzo, J. K., Capalbi, M., Chincarini, G. L., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/499292 · Cited by 53 · cited 5× · see citing works
“GRB 050319 (Cusumano et al. 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
A Numerical Gamma‐Ray Burst Simulation Using Three‐Dimensional Relativistic Hydrodynamics: The Transition from Spherical to Jetlike Expansion
Cannizzo, J. K., Gehrels, N. A., & Vishniac, E. T. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/380436 · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“No sideways expansion of the jet is included, which is consistent with previous simulations (Kumar & Granot 2003; Cannizzo et al. 2004).”
ResultSelf-citation
Perspective on Afterglows: Numerically Computed Views, Light Curves, and the Analysis of Homogeneous and Structured Jets with Lateral Expansion
Salmonson, J. D. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/375580 · Cited by 49 · cited 1× · see citing works
“All kinematic effects that affect the observed flux (e.g., Doppler boost, propagation time effects) have been taken into account rigorously, following Salmonson (2003).”
Background
Intrinsic parameters of GRB 990123 from its prompt optical flash and afterglow
Wang, X.-G., Dai, Z.-G., & Lu, T. (2000) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03922.x · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“;X contrast is expected. spectrum (e.g., Baring &Harding 1997; Lithwick & Sari 2001), the reverse shock data (Sari & Piran 1999; Wang et al. 2000; Zhang et al. 2003), and the superluminal expansion of the radio afterglow source image (Waxman et al. 1998).”
Background
AFTERGLOW LIGHT CURVES FROM IMPULSIVE RELATIVISTIC JETS WITH AN UNCONVENTIONAL STRUCTURE
Granot, J. (2005) · OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Swift and optical observations of GRB 050401
de Pasquale, M., Beardmore, A. P., Barthelmy, S. D., Boyd, P. T., Burrows, D. N., Fink, R., Gehrels, N. A., Kobayashi, S., Mason, K. O., McNought, R., et al. (2005) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09787.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citation
-ray burst internal shocks with magnetization
Fan, Y.-Z., Wei, D. M., & Zhang, B. (2004) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08263.x · Cited by 42 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…Rees 1997a, 1999; Sari & Piran 1999; Kobayashi 2000; Kobayashi & Zhang 2003a, 2003b; Zhang et al. 2003; Wei 2003; Wu et al. 2003; Li et al. 2003b; Fan et al. 2004a, 2005b, 2005c; Zhang & Kobayashi 2005; Nakar & Piran 2004;McMahon et al. 2004), possible early X-ray afterglow signatures have…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Perspective on Afterglows: Numerically Computed Views, Lightcurves and the Analysis of Homogeneous and Structured Jets with Lateral ExpansionPreprint
SALMONSON, J. D. (2003) · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The afterglow of GRB 021211: Another case of reverse shock emission
Wei, D. M. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030371 · Cited by 40 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…role in the optical band; e.g.,Mészáros& Rees 1997a, 1999; Sari & Piran 1999; Kobayashi 2000; Kobayashi & Zhang 2003a, 2003b; Zhang et al. 2003; Wei 2003; Wu et al. 2003; Li et al. 2003b; Fan et al. 2004a, 2005b, 2005c; Zhang & Kobayashi 2005; Nakar & Piran 2004;McMahon et al. 2004),…”
Method
Analytical Light Curves in the Realistic Model for Gamma‐Ray Burst Afterglows
Wu, X.-F., Dai, Z.-G., Huang, Y.-F., & Lu, T. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/426666 · Cited by 40 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…is that c increases 12 In certain parameter regimes, the condition tdec < tmc could be satisfied, and in the temporal regime t < tmc, the blast wave is in the fast cooling ( c < m) domain, so the radiative loss could affect the blast wave dynamics (e.g., Böttcher & Dermer 2000; Wu et al. 2005).”
Background
Neutron-Fed Afterglows of Gamma-Ray BurstsPreprint
Beloborodov, A. M. (2002) · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The State of the Circumstellar Medium Surrounding Gamma-Ray Burst Sources and its Effect on the Afterglow Appearance
Ramirez-Ruiz, E., García-Segura, G., Salmonson, J. D., & Perez-Rendon, B. (2004) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Early Gamma‐Ray Burst Afterglows from Relativistic Blast Waves in General Radiative Regimes
Böttcher, M., & DERMER, C. D. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/308580 · Cited by 36 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…is that c increases 12 In certain parameter regimes, the condition tdec < tmc could be satisfied, and in the temporal regime t < tmc, the blast wave is in the fast cooling ( c < m) domain, so the radiative loss could affect the blast wave dynamics (e.g., Böttcher & Dermer 2000; Wu et al. 2005).”
BackgroundMethod
GRB as explosions with standard power
Postnov, K. A., Прохоров, М. Е., & Lipunov, V. (1999) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9908136 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Confirmation of the $\eps$ -- $\eiso$ (Amati) relation from the X-ray flash XRF 050416A observed by Swift/BAT
Sakamoto, T., Barbier, L. M., Barthelmy, S. D., et al. (2005) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0512149 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Swift Observations of GRB 050128: The Early X-Ray Afterglow
Campana, S., Antonelli, L. A., Chincarini, G., Covino, S., Cusumano, G., Malesani, D., Mangano, V., Moretti, A., Pagani, C., Romano, P., et al. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/430883 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Gamma-ray burst afterglows from jetted shocks in wind environments
Gou, L. J., Dai, Z.-G., Huang, Y.-F., & Lu, T. (2001) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000352 · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For the latter, the timescale for the light curve to achieve the asymptotic p index is typically longer than that in the ISM case (e.g., Kumar & Panaitescu 2000a; Gou et al. 2001).”
Background
The afterglow of GRB 021211: Another case of reverse shock emission
Wei, D. M. (2003) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030371/pdf · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Prompt γ-ray and early afterglow emission in the external shock model
McMahon, E., Kumar, P. S. S., & Panaitescu, A. (2004) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08245.x · Cited by 24 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…2003a, 2003b; Zhang et al. 2003; Wei 2003; Wu et al. 2003; Li et al. 2003b; Fan et al. 2004a, 2005b, 2005c; Zhang & Kobayashi 2005; Nakar & Piran 2004;McMahon et al. 2004), possible early X-ray afterglow signatures have been only sparsely studied (e.g., Kumar& Panaitescu 2000b; Kobayashi et al.…”
Background
GRB 050117: Simultaneous Gamma‐Ray and X‐Ray Observations with theSwiftSatellite
Hill, J. E., Morris, D. C., Sakamoto, T., Sato, G., Burrows, D. N., Angelini, L., Pagani, C., Moretti, A., Abbey, A. F., Barthelmy, S. D., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/498443 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The injection signature is also inferred in other bursts such as GRB 050117 (Hill et al. 2006) and XRF 050416 (Sakamoto et al. 2006), where similar conclusions could be drawn.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Prompt Optical Observations of GRB 050319 with theSwiftUVOT
Mason, K. O., Blustin, A. J., Boyd, P. T., Holland, S. T., Page, M. J., Roming, P. W. A., Still, M. D., Zhang, B., Breeveld, A. A., de Pasquale, M., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/499293 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The UVOT observations are also consistent with such a picture (Mason et al. 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Pair Loading in Gamma‐Ray Burst Fireballs and Prompt Emission from Pair‐rich Reverse Shocks
Li, Z., Dai, Z. G., Lu, T., & Song, L. M. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/379231 · Cited by 22 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…e.g.,Mészáros& Rees 1997a, 1999; Sari & Piran 1999; Kobayashi 2000; Kobayashi & Zhang 2003a, 2003b; Zhang et al. 2003; Wei 2003; Wu et al. 2003; Li et al. 2003b; Fan et al. 2004a, 2005b, 2005c; Zhang & Kobayashi 2005; Nakar & Piran 2004;McMahon et al. 2004), possible early X-ray afterglow…”
BackgroundMethod
Early Optical Afterglow Light Curves of Neutron‐fed Gamma‐Ray Bursts
Fan, Y.-Z., Zhang, B., & Wei, D. M. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/430693 · Cited by 19 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Fan et al. (2005a) argued that at least for the flares following short GRBs, the process that powers the flares has to be of magnetic origin.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
A New Model for Iron Emission Lines and Rebursts in Gamma‐Ray Burst X‐Ray Afterglows
Gao, W. H., & Wei, D. M. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/431293 · Cited by 4 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In principle, the first scenario may give rise to additional observational signatures (e.g., Rees & Mészáros 2000; Gao & Wei 2004, 2005), which may be used to differentiate the model from the others.”
Background
Can the Bump Be Observed in the Early Afterglow of Gamma‐Ray Bursts with X‐Ray Line Emission Features?
Gao, W. H., & Wei, D. M. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/381427 · Cited by 3 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In principle, the first scenario may give rise to additional observational signatures (e.g., Rees & Mészáros 2000; Gao & Wei 2004, 2005), which may be used to differentiate the model from the others.”
Background
Prompt and afterglow early X-ray phases in the comoving frame. Evidence for Universal properties?Preprint
Chincarini, G., Moretti, A., Romano, P., et al. (2005) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0506453 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The early X-ray emission from GRBs
O'Brien, P. T., Willingale, R., Osborne, J., et al. (2006) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0601125

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Goad, M. 2006, A&A, in press (astro-ph/0511751) · arXiv
Kobayashi, S., Zhang, B., Me ´sza ´ros, P., & Burrows, D. N. 2005, ApJ, sub- mitted (astro-ph/0506157) · arXiv
Panaitescu, A., Me ´sza ´ros, P., Gehrels, N., Burrows, D., & Nousek, J. 2006, MNRAS, in press (astro-ph/0508340) · arXiv
Proga, D., & Zhang, B. 2006, ApJ, submitted (astro-ph/0601272) · arXiv
Romano, P., et al. 2006, A&A, submitted (astro-ph/0602497) · arXiv
Woosley, S. E., Zhang, W., & Heger, A. 2003, in AIP Conf. Proc. 662, Gamma-Ray Burst and Afterglow Astronomy 2001, ed. G. R. Ricker & R. K. Vanderspek ( New York: AIP), 185

Sorted by citations

LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products
Ivezić, Ž., Kahn, S. M., Tyson, J. A., Abel, B., Acosta, E., Allsman, R., Alonso, D., AlSayyad, Y., Anderson, S. F., Andrew, J., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c · Cited by 4,357 · see citing works
“There are many projects that LSST data products will enable: • Detection and measurement of gamma-ray burst afterglows and transients (e.g., Zhang & Mészáros 2004; Zhang et al. 2006; Kann et al. 2010) to high redshift (∼7.5).”
BackgroundInfluential
Methods and results of an automatic analysis of a complete sample of Swift -XRT observations of GRBs
Evans, P. A., Beardmore, A. P., Page, K. L., Osborne, J. P., O'Brien, P. T., Willingale, R., Starling, R. L. C., Burrows, D. N., Godet, O., Vetere, L., et al. (2009) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14913.x · Cited by 1,805 · see citing works
Self-citation
The physics of gamma-ray bursts & relativistic jets
Kumar, P., & Zhang, B. (2014) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2014.09.008 · Cited by 1,042 · see citing works
“…simply the high latitude emission (described in §2.1) associated with the prompt γ-ray source at R >∼ 1015cm when the central engine turns off faster than the decline of the X-ray lightcurve (Kumar and Panaitescu, 2000a; Dermer, 2004; Zhang et al., 2006; Nousek et al., 2006; Liang et al., 2006a).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Evidence for a Canonical Gamma‐Ray Burst Afterglow Light Curve in the Swift XRT Data
Nousek, J. A., Kouveliotou, C., Grupe, D., Page, K. L., Granot, J., Ramirez-Ruiz, E., Patel, S., Burrows, D. N., Mangano, V., Barthelmy, S. D., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/500724 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Self-citation
THE INTERNAL-COLLISION-INDUCED MAGNETIC RECONNECTION AND TURBULENCE (ICMART) MODEL OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
Zhang, B., & Yan, H. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/726/2/90 · Cited by 823 · see citing works
Self-citation
The protomagnetar model for gamma-ray bursts
Metzger, B. D., Giannios, D., Thompson, T. A., Bucciantini, N., & Quataert, E. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18280.x · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Gamma-Ray Bursts in theSwiftEra
Gehrels, N., Ramirez-Ruiz, E., & Fox, D. B. (2009) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145147 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Self-citation
A DECADE OF SHORT-DURATION GAMMA-RAY BURST BROADBAND AFTERGLOWS: ENERGETICS, CIRCUMBURST DENSITIES, AND JET OPENING ANGLES
Fong, W., Berger, E., Margutti, R., & Zauderer, B. A. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/815/2/102 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
“…Xray afterglow light curves are often subject to steep decays, plateaus, or flares which may contaminate the afterglow emission (Nousek et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2006; Margutti et al. 2011, 2013), we only utilize X-ray data atδt & 1000 s, when bursts have typically settled into the power-law…”
Method
Signatures of magnetar central engines in short GRB light curves
Rowlinson, A., O'Brien, P. T., Metzger, B. D., Tanvir, N. R., & Levan, A. J. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sts683 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
2007 Short-hard gamma-ray burstsPreprint
Ehud Nakar, A. (2007) · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Short Gamma‐Ray Bursts with Extended Emission
Norris, J. P., & Bonnell, J. T. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/502796 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
“Instead, these pulses might be analogous to the X-ray flares observed accompanying the prompt portions of afterglows as revealed by Swift’s XRT, and attributed to central engine activity (Zhang et al. 2005).”
Background
The protomagnetar model for gamma-ray burstsPreprint
Metzger, B. D., Giannios, D., Thompson, T. A., Bucciantini, N., & Quataert, E. (2011) · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Magnetars: the physics behind observations. A review
TUROLLA, R., Zane, S., & Watts, A. L. (2015) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/0034-4885/78/11/116901 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
“…a significant fraction of the Swift long GRBs exhibit late flares and plateau phases in the lightcurve that provide evidence for longevity and on-going activity of the central engine (see e.g. Nousek et al 2006, Zhang et al 2006, Curran et al 2008, Margutti et al 2010, Bernardini et al 2011b).”
Background
DISCERNING THE PHYSICAL ORIGINS OF COSMOLOGICAL GAMMA-RAY BURSTS BASED ON MULTIPLE OBSERVATIONAL CRITERIA: THE CASES OF z = 6.7 GRB 080913, z = 8.2 GRB 090423, AND SOME SHORT/HARD GRBs
Zhang, B., Zhang, B., Virgili, F. J., Liang, E., Kann, D. A., Wu, X.-F., Daniel Proga, A., Lv, H.-J., Toma, K., Mészáros, P., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/703/2/1696 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Early X‐Ray Emission from GRBs
O'Brien, P. T., Willingale, R., Osborne, J. P., Goad, M. R., Page, K. L., Vaughan, S., Rol, E., Beardmore, A. P., Godet, O., Hurkett, C. P., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/505457 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
“Analysis of GRB samples from the early phase of the Swift mission (Nousek et al. 2006) confirm that this pattern of a rapidly decaying light curve followed by a late emission hump is common.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
THE AFTERGLOWS OFSWIFT-ERA GAMMA-RAY BURSTS. I. COMPARING PRE-SWIFTANDSWIFT-ERA LONG/SOFT (TYPE II) GRB OPTICAL AFTERGLOWS
Kann, D. A., Klose, S., Zhang, B., Malesani, D., Nakar, E., Pozanenko, A., Wilson, A. C., Butler, N. R., Jakobsson, P., Schulze, S., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/720/2/1513 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
“…long-term energy injection similar to what may cause the shallow decay/plateau phase of the “canonical” X-ray afterglow (Nousek et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2006; Panaitescu et al. 2006a) occurs, although in most cases the plateau phase in X-rays and the following break to a “classical”…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Swift Era
Zhang, B. (2007) · 天文和天体物理学研究：英文版 · doi:10.1088/1009-9271/7/1/01 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Self-citation
JET BREAKS AND ENERGETICS OF Swift GAMMA-RAY BURST X-RAY AFTERGLOWS
Racusin, J. L., Liang, E., Burrows, D. N., Falcone, A., Sakamoto, T., Zhang, B., Zhang, B., Evans, P. A., & Osborne, J. P. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/698/1/43 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Self-citation
SwiftObservations of GRB 070110: An Extraordinary X‐Ray Afterglow Powered by the Central Engine
Troja, E., Cusumano, G., O'Brien, P. T., Zhang, B., Sbarufatti, B., Mangano, V., Willingale, R., Chincarini, G., Osborne, J. P., Marshall, F. E., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/519450 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Self-citation
A NEW POPULATION OF ULTRA-LONG DURATION GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
Levan, A. J., Tanvir, N. R., Starling, R. L. C., Wiersema, K., Page, K. L., Perley, D. A., Schulze, S., Wynn, G. A., Chornock, R., Hjorth, J., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/781/1/13 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“In this model the rapid variability is not uncommon in GRB prompt emission, and the steep decay can be naturally interpreted as emission from high latitudes (Zhang et al. 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
GRB Radiative Efficiencies Derived from the Swift Data: GRBs versus XRFs, Long versus Short
Zhang, B., Liang, E., Page, K. L., Grupe, D., Zhang, B., Barthelmy, S. D., Burrows, D. N., Campana, S., Chincarini, G. L., Gehrels, N. A., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/510110 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Comprehensive Analysis ofSwiftXRT Data. II. Diverse Physical Origins of the Shallow Decay Segment
Liang, E., Zhang, B., & Zhang, B. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/521870 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citation
A POSSIBLE CONNECTION BETWEEN FAST RADIO BURSTS AND GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
Zhang, B. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/780/2/l21 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citation
A complete reference of the analytical synchrotron external shock models of gamma-ray bursts
Gao, H., Lei, W., Zou, Y.-C., Wu, X.-F., & Zhang, B. (2013) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2013.10.001 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“…or more additional assumptions/parameters, still have clear testable predictions regarding the afterglow decaying index α, the spectral index β, and the relation between them (the so-called “closure relations”) (e.g. Zhang and Mészáros, 2004; Zhang et al., 2006, for a collection of these models).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OFFERMIGAMMA-RAY BURST DATA. I. SPECTRAL COMPONENTS AND THE POSSIBLE PHYSICAL ORIGINS OF LAT/GBM GRBs
Zhang, B., Zhang, B., Liang, E., Fan, Y.-Z., Wu, X.-F., Pe’er, A., Maxham, A., Gao, H., & Dong, Y.-M. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/730/2/141 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citation
REM observations of GRB 060418 and GRB 060607A: the onset of the afterglow and the initial fireball Lorentz factor determination
Molinari, E., Vergani, S. D., Malesani, D. B., Covino, S., D’Avanzo, P., Chincarini, G. L., Zerbi, F. M., Antonelli, L. A., Conconi, P., Testa, V., et al. (2007) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077388 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
CONSTRAINING GAMMA-RAY BURST INITIAL LORENTZ FACTOR WITH THE AFTERGLOW ONSET FEATURE AND DISCOVERY OF A TIGHT Γ 0 - E γ,iso CORRELATION
Liang, E., Yi, S.-X., Zhang, J., Lü, H.-J., Zhang, B., & Zhang, B. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/725/2/2209 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citation
A long-duration gamma-ray burst with a peculiar origin
Yang, J., Ai, S., Zhang, B., Zhang, B., Liu, Z.-K., Wang, X., Yang, Y.-H., Yin, Y.-H. I., Li, Y., & Lü, H.-J. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05403-8 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
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The First Survey of X‐Ray Flares from Gamma‐Ray Bursts Observed by Swift : Temporal Properties and Morphology
Chincarini, G. L., Moretti, A., Romano, P., Falcone, A., Morris, D. C., Racusin, J. L., Campana, S., Covino, S., Guidorzi, C., Tagliaferri, G., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/521591 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
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Panchromatic study of GRB 060124: from precursor to afterglow
Romano, P., Campana, S., Chincarini, G. L., Cummings, J. R., Cusumano, G., Holland, S. T., Mangano, V., Mineo, T., Page, K. L., Pal'Shin, V., et al. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065071 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
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A Decade of Gamma-Ray Bursts Observed by Fermi-LAT: The Second GRB Catalog
Ajello, M., Arimoto, M., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bellazzini, R., Bhat, P. N., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab1d4e · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows in the Multimessenger Era: Numerical Models and Closure Relations
Ryan, G., van Eerten, H., Piro, L., & Troja, E. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab93cf · Cited by 247 · see citing works
The unusual X-ray emission of the short Swift GRB 090515: evidence for the formation of a magnetar?
Rowlinson, A., O'Brien, P. T., Tanvir, N. R., Zhang, B., Evans, P. A., Lyons, N., Levan, A. J., Willingale, R., Page, K. L., Taş, Ö. Ö., et al. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17354.x · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“Nousek et al. (2006) and Zhang et al. (2006) described the ‘canonical GRB light curve’ as three stages comprising a steep decline followed by a shallower decay and then a final decay phase.”
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Making a Short Gamma-Ray Burst from a Long One: Implications for the Nature of GRB 060614
Zhang, B., Zhang, B., Liang, E., Gehrels, N., Burrows, D. N., & Mészáros, P. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/511781 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
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A RADIO-SELECTED SAMPLE OF GAMMA-RAY BURST AFTERGLOWS
Chandra, P., & Frail, D. A. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/746/2/156 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
“Compilations of X-ray and optical light curves from the Swift satellite have revealed complex but canonical light curve behaviors (Nousek et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2006; Melandri et al. 2008; Roming et al. 2009; Evans et al. 2009).”
Background
Testing the Curvature Effect and Internal Origin of Gamma‐Ray Burst Prompt Emissions and X‐Ray Flares with Swift Data
Liang, E. W., Zhang, B., O'Brien, P. T., Willingale, R., Angelini, L., Burrows, D. N., Campana, S., Chincarini, G., Falcone, A., Gehrels, N., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/504684 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“…both the t0-effect and the overlapping effect, we model any steep decay component and the succeeding afterglow component with the function (Zhang et al. 2005) Fν(t) = A ( t− t0 t0 )−(2+β) +Bt−C , (2) where β is the X-ray spectral index during the decay, t0 is the time zero point of the…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The 2175 Å Dust Feature in a Gamma‐Ray Burst Afterglow at Redshift 2.45
Kruehler, T., Yoldaş, A., Greiner, J., Clemens, C., McBreen, S., Primak, N., Savaglio, S., Yoldaş, A., Szokoly, G. P., & Klose, S. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/590240 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
GRB 080913 AT REDSHIFT 6.7
Greiner, J., Kruehler, T., Fynbo, J. P. U., Rossi, A., Schwarz, R., Klose, S., Savaglio, S., Tanvir, N. R., McBreen, S., Totani, T., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/693/2/1610 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
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Mass fall-back and accretion in the central engine of gamma-ray bursts
Kumar, P., Narayan, R., & Johnson, J. L. (2008) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13493.x · Cited by 215 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Analysis ofSwiftXRT Data. III. Jet Break Candidates in X‐Ray and Optical Afterglow Light Curves
Liang, E., Racusin, J. L., Zhang, B., Zhang, B., & Burrows, D. N. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/524701 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
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EVIDENCE OF AN INITIALLY MAGNETICALLY DOMINATED OUTFLOW IN GRB 080916C
Zhang, B., & Pe’er, A. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/700/2/l65 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
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A TEST OF THE MILLISECOND MAGNETAR CENTRAL ENGINE MODEL OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS WITHSWIFTDATA
Lü, H.-J., & Zhang, B. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/785/1/74 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
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The First Survey of X‐Ray Flares from Gamma‐Ray Bursts Observed by Swift : Spectral Properties and Energetics
Falcone, A. D., Morris, D., Racusin, J., Chincarini, G., Moretti, A., Romano, P., Burrows, D. N., Pagani, C., Stroh, M., Grupe, D., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/523296 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“There have been several papers studying individual GRBswith X-ray flares (Burrows et al. 2005b; Falcone et al. 2006; Romano et al. 2006; Pagani et al. 2006; Cusumano et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2006; Morris et al. 2007; Goad et al. 2007; Krimm et al. 2007).”
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GAMMA-RAY BURST AFTERGLOW PLATEAUS AND GRAVITATIONAL WAVES: MULTI-MESSENGER SIGNATURE OF A MILLISECOND MAGNETAR?
Corsi, A., & Mészáros, P. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/702/2/1171 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The FirstSwiftBAT Gamma‐Ray Burst Catalog
Sakamoto, T., Barthelmy, S. D., Barbier, L. M., Cummings, J. R., Fenimore, E. E., Gehrels, N., Hullinger, D. D., Krimm, H. A., Markwardt, C. B., Palmer, D. M., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/523646 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
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MAGNETIC FIELDS IN RELATIVISTIC COLLISIONLESS SHOCKS
Santana, R., Duran, R. B., & Kumar, P. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/785/1/29 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“The value of p and the density profile of the surrounding medium (whether we have a s = 0 or s = 2 medium) can be determined from observations of the afterglow spectral decay and temporal decay of the light curve with the so-called “closure” relations (e.g. Zhang et al. 2006).”
Background
SHORT GRB 130603B: DISCOVERY OF A JET BREAK IN THE OPTICAL AND RADIO AFTERGLOWS, AND A MYSTERIOUS LATE-TIME X-RAY EXCESS
Fong, W., Berger, E., Metzger, B. D., Margutti, R., Chornock, R., Migliori, G., Foley, R. J., Zauderer, B. A., Lunnan, R., Laskar, T., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/780/2/118 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The late time evolution of gamma-ray bursts: ending hyperaccretion and producing flares
Daniel Proga, A., & Zhang, B. (2006) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00189.x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“The internal model not only offers a natural interpretation of the rapid rise and decay behaviors of the flares, but also demands a very small energy budget (Zhang et al. 2005).”
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Fallback accretion in the aftermath of a compact binary merger
Rosswog, S. (2007) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00284.x · Cited by 182 · see citing works
GRB 060218/SN 2006aj: A Gamma-Ray Burst and Prompt Supernova at z = 0.0335
Mirabal, N., Halpern, J. P., An, D., Thorstensen, J. R., & Terndrup, D. M. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/505177 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Gamma-ray bursts afterglows with energy injection from a spinning down neutron star
Dall’Osso, S., Stratta, G., Guetta, D., Covino, S., Cesare, G. D., & Stella, L. (2010) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014168 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
The X-ray afterglow flat segment in short GRB 051221A: Energy injection from a millisecond magnetar?
Fan, Y.-Z., & Xu, D. (2006) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00217.x · Cited by 176 · see citing works
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Unveiling the origin of X-ray flares in gamma-ray bursts
Chincarini, G., Mao, J., Margutti, R., Bernardini, M. G., Guidorzi, C., Pasotti, F., Giannios, D., Valle, M. D., Moretti, A., Romano, P., et al. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17037.x · Cited by 174 · see citing works
A new method for estimating the bolometric properties of Ibc supernovae
Cano, Z. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1048 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Can X-ray emission powered by a spinning-down magnetar explain some gamma-ray burst light-curve features?
Lyons, N., O'Brien, P. T., Zhang, B., Willingale, R., Troja, E., & Starling, R. L. C. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15538.x · Cited by 169 · see citing works
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A Comprehensive Analysis ofSwiftXRT Data. I. Apparent Spectral Evolution of Gamma‐Ray Burst X‐Ray Tails
Zhang, B., Liang, E., & Zhang, B. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/519548 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“In this scenario, the decay is strictly a power law with a slope ¼ (2þ ) if the time zero point is set to the beginning of the rising segment of the light curve (Zhang et al. 2006; see Huang et al. [2002] for the discussion of time zero point in a different context).”
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HYPERACCRETING BLACK HOLE AS GAMMA-RAY BURST CENTRAL ENGINE. I. BARYON LOADING IN GAMMA-RAY BURST JETS
Lei, W., Zhang, B., & Liang, E. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/765/2/125 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
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HOW BAD OR GOOD ARE THE EXTERNAL FORWARD SHOCK AFTERGLOW MODELS OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS?
Wang, X.-G., Zhang, B., Liang, E.-W., Gao, H., Li, L., Deng, C.-M., Qin, S.-M., Tang, Q.-W., Kann, D. A., Ryde, F., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/219/1/9 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
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Jet Breaks in Short Gamma‐Ray Bursts. II. The Collimated Afterglow of GRB 051221A
Burrows, D. N., Grupe, D., Capalbi, M., Panaitescu, A., Patel, S., Kouveliotou, C., Zhang, B., Mészáros, P., Chincarini, G. L., Gehrels, N., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/508740 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
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Numerical Simulations of the Jet Dynamics and Synchrotron Radiation of Binary Neutron Star Merger Event GW170817/GRB 170817A
Xie, X., Zrake, J., & MacFadyen, A. I. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aacf9c · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Neutrino-dominated accretion flows as the central engine of gamma-ray bursts
Liu, T., Gu, W., & Zhang, B. (2017) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2017.07.001 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
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Nuclear equation of state from observations of short gamma-ray burst remnants
Lasky, P. D., Haskell, B., Ravi, V., Howell, E. J., & Coward, D. M. (2014) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.89.047302 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Can the early X-ray afterglow of gamma-ray bursts be explained by a contribution from the reverse shock?
Genet, F., Daigne, F., & Mochkovitch, R. (2007) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12243.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF GAMMA-RAY BURST OPTICAL EMISSION. I. FLARES AND EARLY SHALLOW-DECAY COMPONENT
Li, L., Liang, E., Tang, Q.-W., Chen, J., Xi, S.-Q., Lü, H.-J., Gao, H., Zhang, B., Zhang, J., Yi, S.-X., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/758/1/27 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
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A long-lived neutron star merger remnant in GW170817: constraints and clues from X-ray observations
Piro, L., Troja, E., Zhang, B., Ryan, G., van Eerten, H., Ricci, R., Wieringa, M. H., Tiengo, A., Butler, N., Cenko, S. B., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3047 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“(11), in the spectral regime below νc (where the X-rays seem to lie in), the forward shock flux scales as (Zhang & Mészáros 2001; Zhang et al. 2006) Fν ∝ t (1−q)− (p−1)(2+q ) 4 , (12) which is valid for q ≤ 1.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Discovery and confirmation of the shortest gamma-ray burst from a collapsar
Ahumada, T., Singer, L. P., Anand, S., Coughlin, M. W., Kasliwal, M. M., Ryan, G., Andreoni, I., Cenko, S. B., Fremling, C., Kumar, H., et al. (2021) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01428-7 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
THE COLLIMATION AND ENERGETICS OF THE BRIGHTESTSWIFTGAMMA-RAY BURSTS
Cenko, S. B., Frail, D. A., Harrison, F., Kulkarni, S. R., Ehud Nakar, A., Chandra, P., Butler, N., Fox, D. B., Gal‐Yam, A., Kasliwal, M. M., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/711/2/641 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
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Implications of the early X-ray afterglow light curves of Swift gamma-ray bursts
Granot, J., Königl, A., & Piran, T. (2006) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10621.x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
A statistical study of gamma-ray burst afterglows measured by the Swift Ultraviolet Optical Telescope
Oates, S. R., Page, M. J., Schady, P., de Pasquale, M., Koch, T. S., Breeveld, A. A., Brown, P. J., Chester, M., Holland, S. T., Hoversten, E. A., et al. (2009) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14544.x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
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Constraining properties of GRB magnetar central engines using the observed plateau luminosity and duration correlation
Rowlinson, A., Gompertz, B. P., Dainotti, M. G., O'Brien, P. T., Wijers, R. A. M. J., & van der Horst, A. J. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1277 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“…show a great diversity in their prompt emission lightcurves and a broad range of isotropic energies (Eiso), whilst sharing common features in their X-ray afterglow lightcurves leading to the identification of a canonical X-ray lightcurve (O’Brien et al. 2006; Nousek et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2006).”
Background
The extinction curves of star-forming regions fromz = 0.1 to 6.7 using GRB afterglow spectroscopy
Zafar, T., Watson, D. J., Fynbo, J. P. U., Malesani, D. B., Jakobsson, P., & Postigo, A. D. U. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116663 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Physics of Gamma-Ray Bursts Prompt Emission
Pe’er, A. (2015) · Advances in Astronomy · doi:10.1155/2015/907321 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“Observationally, one of the key discoveries of the Swift satellite is the existence of a long lasting “plateau” seen in the the early afterglow of GRBs at the X-ray band [227, 245, 246].”
Background
Open questions in GRB physics
Zhang, B. (2011) · Comptes Rendus Physique · doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2011.03.004 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
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The nature of the Diffuse Gamma-Ray Background
Fornasa, M., & Sánchez-Conde, M. Á. (2015) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2015.09.002 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
High energy neutrino early afterglows from gamma-ray bursts revisited
Murase, K. (2007) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.76.123001 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
PHASE TRANSITIONS AND He-SYNTHESIS-DRIVEN WINDS IN NEUTRINO COOLED ACCRETION DISKS: PROSPECTS FOR LATE FLARES IN SHORT GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
Lee, W. H., Ramirez-Ruiz, E., & López-Cámara, D. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/699/2/l93 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
A JET BREAK IN THE X-RAY LIGHT CURVE OF SHORT GRB 111020A: IMPLICATIONS FOR ENERGETICS AND RATES
Fong, W., Berger, E., Margutti, R., Zauderer, B. A., Troja, E., Czekala, I., Chornock, R., Gehrels, N., Sakamoto, T., Fox, D. B., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/756/2/189 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
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Efficiency crisis of swift gamma-ray bursts with shallow X-ray afterglows: prior activity or time-dependent microphysics?
Ioka, K., Toma, K., Yamazaki, R., & Nakamura, T. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20064939 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
High-energy afterglow emission from gamma-ray bursts
Fan, Y.-Z., Piran, T., Narayan, R., & Wei, D.-M. (2008) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12765.x · Cited by 131 · see citing works
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Swift observations of GRB 060614: an anomalous burst with a well behaved afterglow
Mangano, V., Holland, S. T., Malesani, D. B., Troja, E., Chincarini, G. L., Zhang, B., Parola, V. L., Brown, P. J., Burrows, D. N., Campana, S., et al. (2007) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077232 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
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Dust and gas in the local environments of gamma-ray bursts
Schady, P., Mason, K. O., Page, M. J., de Pasquale, M., Morris, D. C., Romano, P., Roming, P. W. A., Immler, S., & Berk, D. E. V. (2007) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11592.x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Gamma-Ray Bursts
Gehrels, N., & Mészáros, P. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1216793 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
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A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OFFERMIGAMMA-RAY BURST DATA. III. ENERGY-DEPENDENTT90DISTRIBUTIONS OF GBM GRBs AND INSTRUMENTAL SELECTION EFFECT ON DURATION CLASSIFICATION
Qin, Y., Liang, E., Liang, Y.-F., Yi, S.-X., Lin, L., Zhang, B., Zhang, J., Lü, H.-J., Lu, R.-J., Lü, L., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/763/1/15 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
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A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF GAMMA-RAY BURST OPTICAL EMISSION. II. AFTERGLOW ONSET AND LATE RE-BRIGHTENING COMPONENTS
Liang, E., Li, L., Gao, H., Zhang, B., Liang, Y.-F., Wu, X.-F., Yi, S.-X., Dai, Z.-G., Tang, Q.-W., Chen, J., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/774/1/13 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
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Short-living Supermassive Magnetar Model for the Early X-ray Flares Following Short GRBs
Gao, W.-H., & Fan, Y.-Z. (2006) · 天文和天体物理学研究：英文版 · doi:10.1088/1009-9271/6/5/01 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
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X‐Ray Hardness Evolution in GRB Afterglows and Flares: Late‐Time GRB Activity withoutNHVariations
Butler, N., & Kocevski, D. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/518023 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
HOW LONG DOES A BURST BURST?
Zhang, B.-B., Zhang, B., Murase, K., Connaughton, V., & Briggs, M. S. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/787/1/66 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
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Correlations of Prompt and Afterglow Emission inSwiftLong and Short Gamma‐Ray Bursts
Gehrels, N., Barthelmy, S. D., Burrows, D. N., Cannizzo, J. K., Chincarini, G., Fenimore, E., Kouveliotou, C., O'Brien, P. T., Palmer, D. M., Racusin, J., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/592766 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“TheSwift X-ray lightcurves have been found typically to have complex shapes (Nousek et al. 2005; Zhang et al. 2005) often including a poorly understood “plateau phase”; the use of flux at 11 hr in most cases avoids sampling during the plateau phase and gives a measure of the true burst afterglow.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
LORENTZ-FACTOR–ISOTROPIC-LUMINOSITY/ENERGY CORRELATIONS OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION
Lü, J., Zou, Y.-C., Lei, W., Zhang, B., Wu, Q., Wang, D.-X., Liang, E., & Lü, H.-J. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/751/1/49 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
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Constraints on Type Ib/c Supernovae and Gamma‐Ray Burst Progenitors
Fryer, C. L., Mazzali, P. A., Prochaska, J. X., Cappellaro, E., Panaitescu, A., Berger, E., van Putten, M. H. P. M., van den Heuvel, E. P. J., Young, P. A., Hungerford, A., et al. (2007) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/523768 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“The X-ray light curves of Swift afterglows indicate that there may be a sustained energy injection in the blast wave for hours after the burst (Nousek et al. 2006; Panaitescu et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2006).”
Background
DARK BURSTS IN THESWIFTERA: THE PALOMAR 60 INCH-SWIFTEARLY OPTICAL AFTERGLOW CATALOG
Cenko, S. B., Kelemen, J., Harrison, F., Fox, D. B., Kulkarni, S. R., Kasliwal, M. M., Ofek, E. O., Rau, A., Gal‐Yam, A., Frail, D. A., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/693/2/1484 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
A thousand days after the merger: Continued X-ray emission from GW170817
Troja, E., van Eerten, H., Zhang, B., Ryan, G., Piro, L., Ricci, R., O’Connor, B., Wieringa, M. H., Cenko, S. B., & Sakamoto, T. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2626 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
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Properties of the Extremely Energetic GRB 221009A from Konus-WIND and SRG/ART-XC Observations
Frederiks, D. D., Свинкин, Д. С., Lysenko, A., Molkov, S., Tsvetkova, A. E., Уланов, М. В., Ridnaia, A. V., Lutovinov, A. A., Lapshov, I. Y., Tkachenko, A. Y., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acd1eb · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“…that the use of T0, corresponding to the early and relatively weak precursor, as a zero time point (t0) of the bright afterglow can barely be justified, and the decay slope measured at times not much larger than T90 could be very sensitive to the assumed t0 (the “t0 effect”; Zhang et al. 2006).”
Background
Optical and near-infrared follow-up observations of fourFermi/LAT GRBs: redshifts, afterglows, energetics, and host galaxies
McBreen, S., Kruehler, T., Rau, A., Greiner, J., Kann, D. A., Savaglio, S., Afonso, P., Clemens, C., Filgas, R., Klose, S., et al. (2010) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913734 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
GRB 221009A: Discovery of an Exceptionally Rare Nearby and Energetic Gamma-Ray Burst
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Authors: Zhang, B., Fan, Y. Z., Dyks, J., Kobayashi, S., Meszaros, P., Burrows, D. N., Nousek, J. A., & Gehrels, N.
Affiliations: University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
ORCID: Zhang, Bing
Fan, Y. Z.
Dyks, Jaroslaw
Kobayashi, Shiho
Nousek, John A.
Venue: The Astrophysical Journal
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Published: 2006-05
Volume: 642
Issue: 1
Pages: 354-370
ISSN: 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
1538-4357
DOI: 10.1086/500723
OpenAlex: W2078391322
Cited by: 1,079
References: 155
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 51.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders: National Science Foundation (0114375, 0307376)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS5-00136)
University of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania State University (NAS5-00136)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
Keywords: gamma-ray bursts, X-ray afterglow, afterglow light curves, Swift X-ray Telescope, X-ray flares, prompt gamma-ray emission, central engine, forward shock, relativistic outflows, Poynting flux, interstellar medium, afterglow decay

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Physical Processes Shaping Gamma‐Ray Burst X‐Ray Afterglow Light Curves: Theoretical Implications from the Swift X‐Ray Telescope Observations

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