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Encephalitis and Encephalopathy Associated with an Influenza Epidemic in Japan
Abstract
During the winter of 1998-1999, there was an outbreak of encephalitis/encephalopathy in Japan that appeared to be associated with influenza. We conducted a national survey of the prevalence and clinical features of disease and the associated outcomes and prognostic factors related to this outbreak. A total of 202 cases were analyzed, of which 148 were diagnosed as influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy on the basis of virologic analysis. Of the 148 cases studied, 130 (87.8%) were type A influenza and 17 were type B. Encephalitis/encephalopathy developed mainly in children age <5 years, either on the day that influenza signs appeared or on the next day. The major signs included altered consciousness or loss of consciousness, convulsions, cough, and vomiting. In many patients, multiple-organ failure developed, and rates of mortality (31.8%) and disability (27.7%) were high. Thrombocytopenia and severely elevated transaminase levels were factors associated with a poor prognosis. Thus, influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy progressed rapidly and was associated with poor outcomes.
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Cited by
Santomasso, B. D., Park, J. H., Salloum, D., Riviere, I., Flynn, J., Mead, E., Halton, E., Wang, X., Senechal, B., Purdon, T., et al. (2018) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-1319 · Cited by 942
Influenza-Associated Deaths among Children in the United States, 2003–2004
Bhat, N., Wright, J. G., Broder, K. R., Murray, E. L., Greenberg, M. E., Glover, M. J., Likos, A. M., Posey, D. L., Klimov, A., Lindstrom, S. E., et al. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa051721 · Cited by 648
Harper, S. A., Bradley, J. S., Englund, J. A., File, T. M., Gravenstein, S., Hayden, F. G., McGeer, A. J., Neuzil, K. M., Pavia, A. T., Tapper, M. L., et al. (2009) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/598513 · Cited by 647
Neuroinflammation During RNA Viral Infections
Klein, R. S., Garber, C., Funk, K. E., Salimi, H., Soung, A., Kanmogne, M., Manivasagam, S., Agner, S., & Cain, M. (2019) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041417 · Cited by 160
Surana, P., Tang, S., McDougall, M., Tong, C. Y. W., Menson, E., & Lim, M. (2011) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-010-1392-3 · Cited by 93
Metadata
- Authors
- Morishima, T., Togashi, T., Yokota, S., Okuno, Y., Miyazaki, C., Tashiro, M., Okabe, N., & the Collaborative Study Group on Influenza‐Associated Encephalopathy in Japan
- Venue
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 512-517
- ISSN
- 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6591
- OpenAlex
- W2168664826
- Cited by
- 510
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 13.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Morishima, T., Togashi, T., Yokota, S., Okuno, Y., Miyazaki, C., Tashiro, M., Okabe, N., & the Collaborative Study Group on Influenza‐Associated Encephalopathy in Japan. (2002). Encephalitis and Encephalopathy Associated with an Influenza Epidemic in Japan. Clinical Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1086/341407
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