The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Predator Mixes and the Conspicuousness of Aposematic Signals
Abstract
Conspicuous warning signals of unprofitable prey are a defense against visually hunting predators. They work because predators learn to associate unprofitability with bright coloration and because strong signals are detectable and memorable. However, many species that can be considered defended are not very conspicuous; they have weak warning signals. This phenomenon has previously been ignored in models and experiments. In addition, there is significant within- and among-species variation among predators in their search behavior, in their visual, cognitive, and learning abilities, and in their resistance to defenses. In this article we explore the effects of variable predators on models that combine positive frequency-dependent, frequency-independent, and negative frequency-dependent predation and show that weak signaling of aposematic species can evolve if predators vary in their tendency to attack defended prey.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus
Lima, S. L., & Dill, L. M. (1990) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z90-092 · Cited by 8,196
Signals, Signal Conditions, and the Direction of Evolution
Endler, J. A. (1992) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285308 · Cited by 1,960
Self-citationThe Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
Treisman, A. M., & Geffen, G. (2012) · From Perception to Consciousness · doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199734337.003.0007 · Cited by 1,649
T HE E VOLUTION OF C OLOR V ISION IN I NSECTS
Briscoe, A. D., & Chittka, L. (2001) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.471 · Cited by 1,415
Adaptive Coloration in Animals
Schmidt, K. P., & Cott, H. B. (1941) · Copeia · doi:10.2307/1437762 · Cited by 1,318
On the measurement and classification of colour in studies of animal colour patterns
ENDLER, J. A. (1990) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00839.x · Cited by 1,210
Self-citationA Predator’s View of Animal Color Patterns
Endler, J. A. (1978) · Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6956-5_5 · Cited by 1,181
Self-citationLYTHGOE, J. N. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,161
Defence in animals: A survey of anti-predator defences
Edmunds, M. (1974) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 958
Evolution of Diversity in Warning Color and Mimicry: Polymorphisms, Shifting Balance, and Speciation
Mallet, J., & Joron, M. (1999) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.201 · Cited by 582
Cited by
Locust Phase Polyphenism: An Update
Pener, M. P., & Simpson, S. J. (2009) · Advances in Insect Physiology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2806(08)36001-9 · Cited by 481
How plant?animal interactions signal new insights in communication
SCHAEFER, H., SCHAEFER, V, & LEVEY, D. (2004) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2004.08.003 · Cited by 329
Perceptual Biases and Mate Choice
Ryan, M. J., & Cummings, M. E. (2013) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135901 · Cited by 284
Poison Frog Colors Are Honest Signals of Toxicity, Particularly for Bird Predators
Maan, M. E., & Cummings, M. E. (2012) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/663197 · Cited by 260
Metadata
- Authors
- Endler, J. A., & Mappes, J.
- Venue
- The American Naturalist
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 163
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 532-547
- ISSN
- 0003-0147 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5323
- OpenAlex
- W2136339654
- Cited by
- 366
- References
- 72
- FWCI
- 16.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Predator Mixes and the Conspicuousness of Aposematic Signals. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/382662
- The paper
- Endler, J. A., & Mappes, J. (2004). Predator Mixes and the Conspicuousness of Aposematic Signals. The American Naturalist. https://doi.org/10.1086/382662
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
