Cited by 433Astrophysics and Star Formation StudiesAstro and Planetary ScienceStellar, planetary, and galactic studies

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Can Giant Planets Form by Direct Gravitational Instability?

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Rafikov, Roman R.·2005·The Astrophysical Journal

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Abstract

Gravitational instability has been invoked as a possible mechanism of the giant planet production in protoplanetary disks. Here we critically revise its viability by noting that to form planets directly, it is not enough for protoplanetary disks to be gravitationally unstable. They must also be able to cool efficiently (on a timescale comparable to the local disk orbital period) to allow the formation of the bound clumps by fragmentation. A combination of the dynamical and thermal constraints puts very stringent lower limits on the properties of disks capable of fragmenting into the self-gravitating objects: for the gravitational instability to form giant planets at 10 AU in the disk cooled by the radiation transfer, the gas temperature must exceed 10 3 K with a minimum disk mass of 0.7 M ☉ and a luminosity of 40 L ☉ . Although these requirements are relaxed in the more distant parts of the disk, masses of the bound objects formed as a result of instability are too large even at 100 AU (~10 M J ) to explain the characteristics of known extrasolar giant planets. Such protoplanetary disks (and planets formed in them) have very unusual observational properties, and this severely constrains the possibility of giant planet formation by direct gravitational instability.

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Levin, Yu. 2003, preprint (astro-ph/0307084) · arXiv
Rafikov, R. R. 2004b, ApJ, submitted (astro-ph/0405507) · arXiv

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Authors: Rafikov, R. R.
Corresponding author: Rafikov, Roman R.
ORCID: Rafikov, Roman R.
Venue: The Astrophysical Journal
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Published: 2005-01-31
Volume: 621
Issue: 1
Pages: L69-L72
ISSN: 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
1538-4357
DOI: 10.1086/428899
OpenAlex: W2064514018
Cited by: 433
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 10.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Keywords: giant planet formation, gravitational instability, protoplanetary disks, disk fragmentation, disk cooling, extrasolar giant planets, gas temperature

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Can Giant Planets Form by Direct Gravitational Instability?

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