The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Self‐Construal, Reference Groups, and Brand Meaning
Abstract
We propose that consumers purchase brands in part to construct their self-concepts and, in so doing, form self-brand connections. We focus on reference groups as a source of brand meaning. Results from two studies show that brands with images consistent with an ingroup enhance self-brand connections for all consumers, whereas brands with images that are consistent with an outgroup have a stronger negative effect on independent versus interdependent consumers. We propose that this differential effect is due to stronger self-differentiation goals for consumers with more independent self-concepts. We also find greater effects for more symbolic than for less symbolic brands.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
Possessions and the Extended Self
Belk, R. W. (1988) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209154 · Cited by 9,064
Consumers and Their Brands: Developing Relationship Theory in Consumer Research
Fournier, S. (1998) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209515 · Cited by 7,542
Who is this "We"? Levels of collective identity and self representations.
Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.83 · Cited by 3,401 · cited 2×
“…from other people's self-concepts, recent cross-cultural evidence suggests that individuals' mental representations of self may depend on social aspects of self, such as relationships with others and membership in social groups (Brewer and Gardner 1996; Markus and Kitayama 1991; Triandis 1989).”
BackgroundCulture and Consumption: New Approaches to the Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities
Mccracken, G. (1990) · doi:10.2979/1450.0 · Cited by 1,058
Cited by
Consumer Brand Engagement in Social Media: Conceptualization, Scale Development and Validation
Hollebeek, L. D., Glynn, M. S., & Brodie, R. J. (2014) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2013.12.002 · Cited by 3,276
Signaling Status with Luxury Goods: The Role of Brand Prominence
Han, Y. J., Nunes, J. C., & Drèze, X. (2010) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.74.4.015 · Cited by 1,649
Where Consumers Diverge from Others: Identity Signaling and Product Domains
Berger, J., & Heath, C. (2007) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/519142 · Cited by 1,317
Sprott, D., Czellar, S., & Spangenberg, E. (2009) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.46.1.92 · Cited by 850
Is Eco-Friendly Unmanly? The Green-Feminine Stereotype and Its Effect on Sustainable Consumption
Brough, A. R., Wilkie, J. E. B., Ma, J., Isaac, M. S., & Gal, D. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucw044 · Cited by 751
Metadata
- Authors
- Escalas, J. E., & Bettman, J. R.
- Venue
- Journal of Consumer Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 378-389
- ISSN
- 0093-5301 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5277
- OpenAlex
- W2003955127
- Cited by
- 2,035
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 57.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Self‐Construal, Reference Groups, and Brand Meaning. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/497549
- The paper
- Escalas, J. E., & Bettman, J. R. (2005). Self‐Construal, Reference Groups, and Brand Meaning. Journal of Consumer Research. https://doi.org/10.1086/497549
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
