The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The First Survey of X‐Ray Flares from Gamma‐Ray Bursts Observed by Swift: Temporal Properties and Morphology
Open accessAbstract
We present the first systematic investigation of the morphological and timing properties of flares in GRBs observed by Swift XRT. We consider a large sample drawn from all GRBs detected by Swift , INTEGRAL , and HETE-2 prior to 2006 January 31, which had an XRT follow-up and which showed significant flaring. Our sample of 33 GRBs includes long and short, at low and high redshift, and a total of 69 flares. The strongest flares occur in the early phases, with a clear anticorrelation between the flare peak intensity and the flare time of occurrence. Fitting each X-ray flare with a Gaussian model, we find that the mean ratio of the width and peak time is ⟨ Δ t / t ⟩ = 0.13 ± 0.10, albeit with a large scatter. Late flares at times >2000 s have long durations, Δ t > 300 s, and can be very energetic compared to the underlying continuum. We further investigated whether there is a clear link between the number of pulses detected in the prompt phase by BAT and the number of X-ray flares detected by XRT, finding no correlation. However, we find that the distribution of intensity ratios between successive BAT prompt pulses and that between successive XRT flares is the same, an indication of a common origin for gamma-ray pulses and X-ray flares. All evidence indicates that flares are indeed related to the workings of the central engine and, in the standard fireball scenario, originate from internal shocks rather than external shocks. While all flares can be explained by long-lasting engine activity, 29/69 flares may also be explained by refreshed shocks. However, 10 can only be explained by prolonged activity of the central engine.
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Cites
The Swift Gamma‐Ray Burst Mission
Gehrels, N., Chincarini, G., Giommi, P., Mason, K. O., Nousek, J. A., Wells, A. A., White, N. E., Barthelmy, S. D., Burrows, D. N., Cominsky, L. R., et al. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/422091 · Cited by 4,154
Self-citationBurrows, D. N., Hill, J. E., Nousek, J. A., Kennea, J. A., Wells, A., Osborne, J. P., Abbey, A. F., Beardmore, A., Mukerjee, K., Short, A. D. T., et al. (2005) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-005-5097-2 · Cited by 2,641
Self-citationBATSE observations of gamma-ray burst spectra. I - Spectral diversity
Band, D., Matteson, J., Ford, L., Schaefer, B., Palmer, D., Teegarden, B., Cline, T., Briggs, M., Paciesas, W., Pendleton, G., et al. (1993) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/172995 · Cited by 2,295
Zhang, B., Fan, Y. Z., Dyks, J., Kobayashi, S., Meszaros, P., Burrows, D. N., Nousek, J. A., & Gehrels, N. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/500723 · Cited by 1,079
Self-citationEvidence for a Canonical Gamma‐Ray Burst Afterglow Light Curve in the Swift XRT Data
Nousek, J. A., Kouveliotou, C., Grupe, D., Page, K. L., Granot, J., Ramirez‐Ruiz, E., Patel, S. K., Burrows, D. N., Mangano, V., Barthelmy, S., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/500724 · Cited by 886
Self-citationA new γ-ray burst classification scheme from GRB 060614
Gehrels, N., Norris, J. P., Barthelmy, S. D., Granot, J., Kaneko, Y., Kouveliotou, C., Markwardt, C. B., Mészáros, P., Nakar, E., Nousek, J. A., et al. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05376 · Cited by 555
Self-citationBright X-ray Flares in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
Burrows, D. N., Romano, P., Falcone, A., Kobayashi, S., Zhang, B., Moretti, A., O'Brien, P. T., Goad, M. R., Campana, S., Page, K. L., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1116168 · Cited by 543
Self-citationGamma-ray bursts from internal shocks in a relativistic wind: temporal and spectral properties
Daigne, F., & Mochkovitch, R. (1998) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01305.x · Cited by 474
Afterglow Emission from Naked Gamma-Ray Bursts
Kumar, P., & Panaitescu, A. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/312905 · Cited by 435
The Early X‐Ray Emission from GRBs
O’Brien, P. T., Willingale, R., Osborne, J., Goad, M. R., Page, K. L., Vaughan, S., Rol, E., Beardmore, A., Godet, O., Hurkett, C. P., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/505457 · Cited by 414
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The physics of gamma-ray bursts & relativistic jets
Kumar, P., & Zhang, B. (2015) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2014.09.008 · Cited by 952
Self-citationGamma-Ray Bursts in the Swift Era
Gehrels, N., Ramirez-Ruiz, E., & Fox, D. B. (2009) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145147 · Cited by 615
Self-citationJET BREAKS AND ENERGETICS OF Swift GAMMA-RAY BURST X-RAY AFTERGLOWS
Racusin, J. L., Liang, E. W., Burrows, D. N., Falcone, A., Sakamoto, T., Zhang, B. B., Zhang, B., Evans, P., & Osborne, J. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/698/1/43 · Cited by 310
Self-citationA complete reference of the analytical synchrotron external shock models of gamma-ray bursts
Gao, H., Lei, W.-H., Zou, Y.-C., Wu, X.-F., & Zhang, B. (2013) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2013.10.001 · Cited by 262
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Metadata
- Authors
- Chincarini, G., Moretti, A., Romano, P., Falcone, A. D., Morris, D., Racusin, J., Campana, S., Covino, S., Guidorzi, C., Tagliaferri, G., Burrows, D. N., Pagani, C., Stroh, M., Grupe, D., Capalbi, M., Cusumano, G., Gehrels, N., Giommi, P., La Parola, V., Mangano, V., Mineo, T., Nousek, J. A., O’Brien, P. T., Page, K. L., Perri, M., Troja, E., Willingale, R., & Zhang, B.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2007-12-20
- Volume
- 671
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1903-1920
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2027706131
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 49
- FWCI
- 16.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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- Chincarini, G., Moretti, A., Romano, P., Falcone, A. D., Morris, D., Racusin, J., Campana, S., Covino, S., Guidorzi, C., Tagliaferri, G., Burrows, D. N., Pagani, C., Stroh, M., Grupe, D., Capalbi, M., Cusumano, G., Gehrels, N., Giommi, P., La Parola, V., . . . Zhang, B. (2007). The First Survey of X‐Ray Flares from Gamma‐Ray Bursts Observed by Swift: Temporal Properties and Morphology. The Astrophysical Journal. https://doi.org/10.1086/521591
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