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The Palomar Transient Factory: System Overview, Performance, and First Results
Open accessAbstract
The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) is a fully-automated, wide-field survey aimed at a systematic exploration of the optical transient sky. The transient survey is performed using a new 8.1 square degree camera installed on the 48 inch Samuel Oschin telescope at Palomar Observatory; colors and light curves for detected transients are obtained with the automated Palomar 60 inch telescope. PTF uses 80% of the 1.2 m and 50% of the 1.5 m telescope time. With an exposure of 60 s the survey reaches a depth of m g ′ ≈ 21.3 and m R ≈ 20.6 (5σ, median seeing). Four major experiments are planned for the five-year project: (1) a 5 day cadence supernova search; (2) a rapid transient search with cadences between 90 s and 1 day; (3) a search for eclipsing binaries and transiting planets in Orion; and (4) a 3π sr deep H-alpha survey. PTF provides automatic, real-time transient classification and follow-up, as well as a database including every source detected in each frame. This paper summarizes the PTF project, including several months of on-sky performance tests of the new survey camera, the observing plans, and the data reduction strategy. We conclude by detailing the first 51 PTF optical transient detections, found in commissioning data.
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“Recent surveys have shown the power of measuring variability of celestial sources for studying gravitational lensing, searching for SNe, determining the physical properties of gamma-ray burst sources, discovering gravitational wave counterparts, probing the structure of active galactic nuclei ( AGNs ) , studying variable star populations, discovering exoplanets, and many other subjects at the fore”
From LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products (2019) · cites this paper as Law et al. 2009
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Cites
Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 High‐Redshift Supernovae
Perlmutter, S., Aldering, G., Goldhaber, G., Knop, R. A., Nugent, P., Castro, P. G., Deustua, S., Fabbro, S., Goobar, A., Groom, D. E., et al. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/307221 · Cited by 18,062
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Self-citationThe Palomar-Quest Digital Synoptic Sky SurveyPreprint
Djorgovski, S. G., Baltay, C., Mahabal, A. A., Drake, A. J., Williams, R., Rabinowitz, D. L., Donalek, C., Glikman, E., Bauer, A., Scalzo, R. A., et al. (2007) · Cited by 33
Self-citationAutomated Probabilistic Classification of Transients and VariablesPreprint
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Self-citationTowards a real‐time transient classification engine
Bloom, J. S., Starr, D., Butler, N., Nugent, P., Rischard, M., Eads, D. R., & Poznanski, D. (2008) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.200710957 · Cited by 22 · cited 2×
“The Bayesian framework for event clustering is given in Bloom et al. (2008).”
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- M. S. acknowledges sup- port from the Royal Society and the University of Oxford Fell Fund. REFERENCES
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Paxton, B., Cantiello, M., Arras, P., Bildsten, L., Brown, E. F., Dotter, A., Mankovich, C. R., Montgomery, M. H., Stello, D., Timmes, F. X., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/1/4 · Cited by 3,495
“Advances in optical detector technology, computer processing power, and data storage capability have enabled new sky surveys (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey; York et al. 2000); triggered many new optical transient surveys, such as the Palomar Transient Factory (Law et al. 2009) and Pan-STARRS1 (Kaiser et al. 2010)…”
BackgroundSelf-citationLSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products
Ivezić, Ž., Kahn, S. M., Tyson, J. A., Abel, B., Acosta, E., Allsman, R., Alonso, D., AlSayyad, Y., Anderson, S. F., Andrew, J., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c · Cited by 4,357
“Rapid cadence makes it possible to serendipitously catch very short-lived events, such as eclipses in ultra-compact double degenerate binary systems (Anderson et al. 2005), to constrain the properties of fast faint transients (such as optical flashes associated with gamma-ray bursts; Bloom et al. 2008), to detect elec…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMODULES FOR EXPERIMENTS IN STELLAR ASTROPHYSICS (MESA): BINARIES, PULSATIONS, AND EXPLOSIONS
Paxton, B., Marchant, P., Schwab, J., Bauer, E. B., Bildsten, L., Cantiello, M., Dessart, L., Farmer, R., Hu, H., Langer, N., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/15 · Cited by 3,260
“Building upon the legacy of the Palomar Transient Factory (Law et al. 2009), the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory conducts a fully-automated, wide-field sur- vey that systematically explores the transient sky with a 90 second to 5 day cadence (Vreeswijk et al. 2014).”
MethodSelf-citationMESA ISOCHRONES AND STELLAR TRACKS (MIST). I. SOLAR-SCALED MODELS
Choi, J., Dotter, A., Conroy, C., Cantiello, M., Paxton, B., & Johnson, B. D. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/823/2/102 · Cited by 2,922
“…such as asteroseismology (e.g., CoRoT; Baglin et al. 2006, Kepler; Gilliland et al. 2010), time-domain astronomy (e.g., Palomar Transient Factory; Law et al. 2009, Pan-STARRS; Kaiser et al. 2010), galactic archaeology (e.g., APOGEE; Zasowski et al. 2013, GALAH; De Silva et al. 2015), and…”
BackgroundTHE ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH DATA RELEASES OF THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY: FINAL DATA FROM SDSS-III
Alam, S., Albareti, F. D., Prieto, C. A., Anders, F., Anderson, S. F., Anderton, T., Andrews, B. H., Armengaud, E., Aubourg, É., Bailey, S., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/219/1/12 · Cited by 2,491
“The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009) is performing a narrow-band survey in two filters, centered at 656 nm and 663 nm, to complete the catalog of galaxies in the local universe out to 200 Mpc.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Law, N. M., Kulkarni, S. R., Dekany, R. G., Ofek, E. O., Quimby, R. M., Nugent, P. E., Surace, J., Grillmair, C. C., Bloom, J. S., Kasliwal, M. M., Bildsten, L., Brown, T., Cenko, S. B., Ciardi, D., Croner, E., Djorgovski, S. G., van Eyken, J., Filippenko, A. V., Fox, D. B., Gal-Yam, A., Hale, D., Hamam, N., Helou, G., Henning, J., Howell, D. A., Jacobsen, J., Laher, R., Mattingly, S., McKenna, D., Pickles, A., Poznanski, D., Rahmer, G., Rau, A., Rosing, W., Shara, M., Smith, R., Starr, D., Sullivan, M., Velur, V., Walters, R., & Zolkower, J.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- American Museum of Natural History (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- ORCID
- Law, Nicholas M.
- Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.
- Dekany, Richard G.
- Ofek, Eran O.
- Quimby, Robert M.
- Nugent, Peter E.
- Surace, Jason
- Bloom, Joshua S.
- Kasliwal, Mansi M.
- Bildsten, Lars
- Cenko, S. Bradley
- Ciardi, David
- Djorgovski, S. George
- Filippenko, Alexei V.
- Fox, Derek B.
- Hale, David
- Howell, D. Andrew
- Laher, Russ
- Poznanski, Dovi
- Rahmer, Gustavo
- Rau, Arne
- Shara, Michael
- Smith, Roger
- Sullivan, Mark
- Walters, Richard
- Venue
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 886
- Pages
- 1395-1408
- ISSN
- 0004-6280 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-3873
- OpenAlex
- W2083217178
- Cited by
- 1,141
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 115 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 26.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0540352, 0607485, 0507734)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐, FC02-06ER41453, FG02-08ER41563)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX08AM04G)
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- California Institute of Technology
- University of Oxford
- Minerva Foundation
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- Israel Science Foundation
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- Palomar Transient Factory, optical transients, supernova search, transient survey, light curves, transient classification, H-alpha survey, eclipsing binaries, transiting exoplanets, Orion
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