Can Brain Drain Justify Immigration Restrictions?

May combine two claims.

Liberia had 400 doctors prior to war in 1989, but only twenty by the time the war ended in 2003.

“Liberia had 400 doctors prior to war in 1989, but only twenty by the time the war ended in 2003.”

May combine two claims.

The monthly wage of a nurse in Zambia is $299, less than the $350 a family needs for food.

“The monthly wage of a nurse in Zambia is a mere $299; this is less than the $350 a family needs for food.”

• cites Lusalle, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There is a shortage of clinical gloves and high incidents of needle-stick accidents during vaccinations.

“There is a shortage of clinical gloves and high incidents of needle-stick accidents during vaccinations.”

May combine two claims.

Brain drain does provide a successful argument for some immigration restrictions, but it fails to justify restrictions beyond a small minority of cases.

“Brain drain does provide a successful argument for some immigration restrictions, but it is an argument that fails to justify restrictions beyond a small minority of cases.”

• Also stated in: § Kieran Oberman · plain

  “Brain drain does function as the basis for a successful argument for some immigration restrictions, but it is an argument that is of little use to anyone who wishes to defend restrictions outside a small minority of cases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The revenue from emigrant taxation could potentially be so large that skilled workers benefit their poor compatriots more from abroad than they would by staying home.

“The revenue from such taxation could potentially be so large that the skilled workers benefit their poor compatriots more from abroad than they would do by staying home.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

To coerce people to get them to labor for others, without first establishing that they have a duty to labor, is to come too close to treating them merely as a means to be acceptable.

“To coerce people to get them to labor for others, without first establishing that they have a duty to labor, is to come too close to treating them merely as a means to be acceptable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Immigration restrictions can only be justified if a skilled worker owes assistance to her poor compatriots.

“Immigration restrictions can only be justified if a skilled worker owes assistance to her poor compatriots.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

A rich state can justify imposing immigration restrictions against a skilled worker on brain drain grounds only if the skilled worker has a duty to stay in her state of origin to provide the assistance she owes her poor compatriots.

“2. The skilled worker has a duty to stay in her state of origin to provide the assistance she owes her poor compatriots.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

A rich state can justify imposing immigration restrictions against a skilled worker on brain drain grounds only if the rich state has the legitimacy to impose counter-brain-drain immigration restrictions.

“4. The rich state has the legitimacy to impose counter-brain-drain immigration restrictions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Immigration restrictions unquestionably curtail individual liberty.

“Immigration restrictions unquestionably curtail individual liberty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Everyone has an agent-centered prerogative allowing them to resist duties that are too burdensome.

“everyone has an agent-centered prerogative allowing them to resist duties that are too burdensome.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The duty of assistance is not limitless.

“one need not think the duty of assistance is limitless.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Most skilled workers will owe some measure of assistance to their poor compatriots.

“It seems plausible that most skilled workers will owe some measure of assistance to their poor compatriots.”

May combine two claims.

Even if no contract was signed, a skilled worker is under an obligation of repayment if she consented to receive the training, knew the training was provided in the expectation that she would benefit her poor compatriots, and her state can ill afford to provide such training for free.

“But even if no such contract was signed, I think a skilled worker would be under an obligation of repayment, assuming that ðiÞ she consented to receive the training, ðiiÞ she knew the training was provided to her in the expectation that she would go on to benefit her poor compatriots, and ðiiiÞ her state can ill afford to provide such training for free.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

A rich state can justify imposing immigration restrictions against a skilled worker on brain drain grounds only if it is permissible to enforce a skilled worker's duty to stay and assist her poor compatriots using immigration restrictions.

“3. It is permissible to enforce a skilled worker's duty to stay and assist her poor compatriots using immigration restrictions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An emigrant tax may fail because there may be problems in collecting or spending the emigrant tax revenue.

“there may be problems in collecting or spending the emigrant tax revenue.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

If a foreigner moves to a poor country, she must abandon these attachments, but this is not true of the native who stays.

“If a foreigner moves to a poor country, she must abandon these attachments, but this is not true of the native who stays.”

May combine two claims.

Unless skilled workers have a duty to stay and assist their poor compatriots, they should not be prevented from migrating.

“Unless they have a duty to stay and assist their poor compatriots, they should not be prevented from migrating.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

General duties do not require native skilled workers to make any greater sacrifice for their poor compatriots than skilled workers from other countries who are equally able to assist.

“general duties do not require native skilled workers to make any greater sacrifice for their poor compatriots than skilled workers from other countries who are equally able to assist”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

To demand that someone stay when she wants to move is to demand that she accepts a significant additional burden.

“To demand that someone stay when she wants to move is to demand that she accepts a significant additional burden.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Four plausible examples of skilled workers threatened by unreasonably high costs are those separated from immediate family, those living in fear of persecution, civil conflict, or widespread violence, those living in severe poverty, and those working in dangerous conditions.

“Let me suggest four plausible examples of skilled workers threatened by unreasonably high costs: ð1Þ those separated from their immediate family, ð2Þ those living in fear of persecution, civil conflict, or widespread violence, ð3Þ those living in severe poverty, and ð4Þ those working in dangerous conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Coercion should only be used against a person when that person is subject to a moral duty.

“The general rule here is that coercion should only be used against a person when that person is subject to a moral duty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A skilled worker might be able to provide the assistance she owes from abroad were the right institutions in place.

“A skilled worker might be able to provide the assistance she owes from abroad were the right institutions in place.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is unreasonable to expect anyone to sacrifice these goods in order to do work that benefits her compatriots.

“It is unreasonable to expect anyone to sacrifice these goods in order to do work that benefits her compatriots.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Some people, particularly comparatively privileged people from rich states, have a duty to go and do essential work in poor states, at least for a time.

“The idea that some people, particularly comparatively privileged people from rich states, have a duty to go and do essential work in poor states, at least for a time, does not seem so strange.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

If one consumes the resources of the poor in the knowledge that they expect reciprocation, one has a duty to reciprocate in the manner they desire or at least repay them the costs of the resources consumed.

“If one consumes the resources of the poor in the knowledge that they expect reciprocation, one has a duty to reciprocate in the manner they desire or at least repay them the costs of the resources consumed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

If even some foreign skilled workers have a duty to move to poor states, then the problem must be reconceptualized as one of 'brain shortage' rather than 'brain drain'.

“if even some foreign skilled workers have a duty to move to poor states, then we seem required to reconceptualize the problem.”

• Also stated in: § II. A DU T Y TO ASSIST · hedged

  “the problem would cease to be best described as one of 'brain drain' but rather one of 'brain shortage'”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

People tend to have strong social attachments binding them to their home state.

“People tend to have strong social attachments binding them to their home state.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

People who are better able to assist may be required to make further sacrifices.

“people who are better able to assist may be required to make further sacrifices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Since the freedom to cross borders is a basic liberty, it should only be restricted for the sake of ensuring that desperately poor people receive the assistance they are owed, not for the sake of avoiding unfairness to rich states.

“Since the freedom to cross borders is a basic liberty, the freedom should only be restricted for the sake of ensuring that desperately poor people receive the assistance they are owed, not for the sake of avoiding unfairness to rich states.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A skilled worker has a duty to stay in her state of origin to provide the assistance she owes her poor compatriots if and only if she will not face an unreasonably high cost in staying.

“ii.She will not face an unreasonably high cost in staying.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

A skilled worker may have a duty to stay in her home state in order to provide her fair share of assistance.

“This is true even though skilled workers may have a duty to stay in their home state in order to provide their fair share of assistance.59”

• cites [59]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It is unfair if rich states have to provide extra assistance to make up for a failure by skilled workers to fulfill their duties to their poor compatriots.

“I accept that it is unfair if rich states have to provide extra assistance to make up for a failure by skilled workers to fulfill their duties to their poor compatriots.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The British taxpayer in the British doctor case and rich states in the case of skilled workers must pay more.

“The British taxpayer in the British doctor case and rich states in the case of skilled workers must pay more.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A rich state has the legitimacy to impose counter-brain-drain immigration restrictions if it is not seeking to enforce a skilled worker's secondary duty of assistance that the skilled worker only has because the rich state has failed to fulfill its primary duty of assistance.

“Or at least: ii.The rich state is not seeking to enforce a skilled worker's secondary duty of assistance that the skilled worker only has because the rich state has failed to fulfill its primary duty of assistance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

A rich state has the legitimacy to impose counter-brain-drain immigration restrictions if it is committed to fulfilling its duty of assistance toward the skilled worker.

“iii.The rich state is committed to fulfilling its duty of assistance toward the skilled worker.”

May combine two claims.

A rich state has the legitimacy to impose counter-brain-drain immigration restrictions if it has fulfilled its own duty of assistance to the global poor.

“Condition 4. The rich state has the legitimacy to impose counterbrain-drain immigration restrictions. The rich state has this legitimacy if: i.It has fulfilled its own duty of assistance to the global poor.”

May combine two claims.

Immigration restrictions violate not only the basic liberties of foreigners but those of citizens as well.

“As such, they violate not only the basic liberties of foreigners but those of citizens as well.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This conception of basic liberties is conventional.

“This conception of basic liberties, as extensive but also bounded and nonabsolute, is a conventional one.”

May combine two claims.

In both cases, while the solution represents an unfairness to those who must provide extra assistance, it is nevertheless required, since curtailing the workers' freedom to migrate or denying their compatriots some basic good are unacceptable.

“And in both cases, while such a solution represents an unfairness to those who must provide this extra assistance, it is nevertheless required, since the two alternative solutions, of curtailing the workers' freedom to migrate or denying their compatriots the provision of some basic good, are unacceptable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Each person's basic liberties are bounded by the rights and liberties of others.

“Each person's basic liberties are bounded by the rights and liberties of others.”

May combine two claims.

A skilled worker who has a duty to stay also has a right to violate that duty because she has a basic liberty to migrate.

“A skilled worker may have a duty to stay, but, since she has a basic liberty to migrate, she also has a right to violate her duty.60”

• cites [60]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

In the case of almost all skilled workers, condition 1 will be fulfilled.

“In the case of almost all skilled workers, condition 1 will be fulfilled.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Immigration restrictions overreach individual rights of refusal, turning the preferences of some into the law for all.

“Immigration restrictions overreach individual rights of refusal, turning the preferences of some into the law for all.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Basic liberties are neither unbounded nor absolute.

“basic liberties are neither unbounded nor absolute.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

If people in poor states are left without the assistance to which they are entitled, their needs are left unfulfilled and their very survival is put at risk.

“If people in poor states are left without the assistance to which they are entitled, their needs are left unfulfilled and their very survival is put at risk.”

May combine two claims.

The other conditions for justified exclusion on brain drain grounds are far less likely to be fulfilled because many skilled workers have strong reason to leave and rich states are failing to do many things to address global poverty and brain drain.

“However, the other conditions are far less likely to be fulfilled since many skilled workers have strong reason to leave, and there are many things rich states could be doing to address global poverty in general and brain drain in particular which they are failing to do.”

May combine two claims.

If migration is a basic liberty, then immigration restrictions cannot be imposed to avoid a less than severe cost, and the imposition of distributive unfairness upon rich states fits this latter category.

“if migration is a basic liberty, then immigration restrictions cannot be imposed to avoid a less than severe cost, and the imposition of distributive unfairness upon rich states fits this latter category.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It would be wrong for the United Kingdom to prevent doctors from emigrating to the United States.

“Yet, despite the unfairness, it would be wrong for the United Kingdom to prevent doctors from emigrating to the United States”

May combine two claims.

The health professionals may have a duty to stay and assist their poor compatriots, but this is not a duty that the rich state has the legitimacy to enforce.

“The health professionals may have a duty to stay and assist their poor compatriots struggle to keep the disease at bay, but this is not a duty that the rich state has the legitimacy to enforce.65”

• cites [65]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Since rich states owe general duties of assistance to the global poor, any assistance required to counter brain drain may merely form part of what rich states already owe.

“since rich states owe general duties of assistance to the global poor, it might be that any assistance required to counter brain drain merely forms part of what rich states already owe.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Rich states owe general duties of assistance to the global poor.

May combine two claims.

Skilled workers may have a duty to endure the injustice of having to live in poverty for the sake of their poor compatriots, but that duty should not be enforced by the states that are responsible for this very injustice.

“Skilled workers may have a duty to endure the injustice of having to live in poverty for the sake of their poor compatriots, but that duty should not be enforced by the states that are responsible for this very injustice.66”

• cites [66]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Rich states owe duties of assistance toward the global poor.

“Rich states owe duties of assistance toward the global poor, which many believe they are failing to fulfill.63”

• cites [63]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Raising additional tax revenues to address the problem may involve an unfairness, but it remains an acceptable alternative to restricting a British doctor's freedom to migrate.

“Raising additional tax revenues to address the problem may involve an unfairness, but it remains an acceptable alternative to restricting a British doctor's freedom to migrate.62”

• cites [62]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There are likely to be cases in which immigration restrictions can be justified on brain drain grounds, and there are practical steps which rich states can take to help identify these cases.

“There are, then, likely to be cases in which immigration restrictions can be justified on brain drain grounds, and there are practical steps which rich states can take to help identify these cases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Brain drain can cause grave suffering.

“Brain drain can cause grave suffering, and it may seem odd that states cannot impose immigration restrictions to prevent grave suffering when they routinely impose such restrictions for a variety of lesser purposes.”

May combine two claims.

Both the perception and disrespect considerations arise in the brain drain case.

“Both of these considerations I think arise in the brain drain case.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A skilled worker owes assistance to her poor compatriots if she has not fulfilled her duty of assistance.

“ii.She has not fulfilled her duty of assistance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

When a skilled worker has experienced hardship and deprivation in the service of her poor compatriots, it is not for a rich state who has failed her to enforce any remaining duty she may owe.

“When a skilled worker has experienced hardship and deprivation in the service of her poor compatriots, it is not for a rich state who has failed her to enforce any remaining duty she may owe.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

A three-stage process (drawing up a list of poor states and sectors suffering deleterious brain drain, selecting cases where alternative means are unlikely to prove effective, and continuing to offer family reunification and asylum while expanding asylum criteria) would help ensure that the first three conditions for justified exclusion on brain drain grounds are satisfied.

“This three-stage process would help to ensure that the first three conditions for justified exclusion on brain drain grounds are satisfied.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

A skilled worker owes assistance to her poor compatriots if she relied on state funds to pay for her training and has not fulfilled her obligation of repayment.

“i.She relied on state funds to pay for her training and has not fulfilled her obligation of repayment and/or”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Rich states must seek to provide extra assistance to compensate for the effects of deleterious brain drain before they consider enforcing immigration restrictions against skilled workers.

“This, then, is why I contend that rich states must seek to provide extra assistance to compensate for the effects of deleterious brain drain before they consider enforcing immigration restrictions against skilled workers.”

May combine two claims.

Once admitted to a state, foreigners are entitled to move, associate, worship, and so forth, freely within it.

“Once admitted to a state, foreigners are entitled to move, associate, worship, and so forth, freely within it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Immigration restrictions restrict people's basic liberties to move, work, and associate as they wish and, in some cases, force individuals to remain in places that they have compelling reason to leave.

“Immigration restrictions restrict people's basic liberties to move, work, and associate as they wish and, in some cases, force individuals to remain in places that they have compelling reason to leave.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The claim that rich states must provide extra assistance before imposing restrictions amounts to a demand that rich states take on extra burdens to make up for a failure by skilled workers to fulfill their duties.

“The claim that it would amounts to a demand that rich states take on extra burdens to make up for a failure by skilled workers to fulfill their duties to their poor compatriots.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Skilled workers who enjoy an adequate degree of safety and prosperity inside their country of origin and who could not provide the assistance they owe from elsewhere will have a duty to stay.

“skilled workers who enjoy an adequate degree of safety and prosperity inside their country of origin and who could not provide the assistance they owe from elsewhere will have a duty to stay.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Excluding skilled workers a rich state has failed to assist would prevent them from accessing the jobs and opportunities in the rich state that would allow them to achieve the better life that was owed to them all along.

“That exclusion would prevent the workers from accessing the jobs and opportunities in the rich state that would allow them to achieve the better life that was owed to them all along.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Basic liberties have an extensive scope: people are entitled to something like the most extensive range of choice compatible with the rights and liberties of others.

“their scope is extensive.People are entitled to more than just a degree of choice; they are entitled to something like the most extensive range of choice that is compatible with the rights and liberties of others.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Rich states must seek to provide extra assistance before they can justify imposing counter-brain-drain immigration restrictions.

“Nevertheless rich states must seek to provide this extra assistance before they can justify imposing counter-brain-drain immigration restrictions.”