Parenthood and the Gender Gap in Pay
Abstract
We compare the income and wage trajectories of women to those of their male partners before and after parenthood. Focusing on the within-couple gap allows us to control for both observed and unobserved attributes of the spouse and to estimate both short- and long-term effects of entering parenthood. We find that 15 years after the first child has been born, the male-female gender gaps in income and wages have increased by 32 and 10 percentage points, respectively. In line with a collective labor supply model, the magnitude of these effects depends on counterfactual relative incomes or wages within the family.
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La maternidad es un factor que afecta negativamente la participación laboral de las mujeres y sus ingresos relativos.
“Estudios como los realizados por Angelov et al. (2016) y Kleven et al. (2019) encuentran que la maternidad es un factor que afecta negativamente la participación laboral de las mujeres y sus ingresos relativos”
From COVID-19 y el mercado laboral de Lima Metropolitana y Callao: Un análisis de género (2023) · cites this paper as Angelov et al. (2016)
Cites
Marry Your Like: Assortative Mating and Income Inequality
Greenwood, J., Guner, N., Kocharkov, G., & Santos, C. (2014) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.104.5.348 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
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Children and Gender Inequality: Evidence from Denmark
Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Søgaard, J. E. (2019) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20180010 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Leite-Mariante, G. (2025) · Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdae104 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
COVID-19 y el mercado laboral de Lima Metropolitana y Callao: Un análisis de género
Paredes, T. (2023) · Documento de trabajo · doi:10.18800/2079-8474.0528
- Authors
- Angelov, N., Johansson, P., & Lindahl, E.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy (SE)
- Venue
- Journal of Labor Economics
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 545-579
- ISSN
- 0734-306X (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5307
- OpenAlex
- W2292382837
- Cited by
- 556
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 71.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Labor Economics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Work-Family Balance Challenges
- Keywords
- parenthood, gender pay gap, women's wages, wage trajectories, labor supply, spousal income
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