“The Metalanguage of Race,” Then and Now
Abstract
Twenty-five years after the publication of Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham’s 1992 Signs essay, she not only responds to the contributors’ arguments and queries but revisits and apprises her theory of the metalanguage of race and calls for more attention to race as both a liberatory discourse and a discourse of violence and repression. Higginbotham argues that in reflecting on the discipline of history and the ideas and events that inspired her Signs article, it is useful to look backward and forward from 1992, thereby covering what amounts to three generations of scholarship. The position in the middle offers a unique vantage point, since it allows Higginbotham an opportunity to reflect upon the “then” and “now” of African American women in history, with the hindsight and foresight of the metalanguage of race.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Kaplan, A., & Pease, D. E. (2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim270040011 · Cited by 5,397 · see citing works
Gender: a useful category of historical analysis
Scott, J. W. (1986) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1864376 · Cited by 4,184 · see citing works
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness
Perkinson, R. (2011) · Journal of American History · doi:10.1093/jahist/jar230 · Cited by 4,152 · see citing works
Roediger, D. R. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119395485.ch4 · Cited by 2,120 · see citing works
Ignatiev, N. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203473009 · Cited by 1,345 · see citing works
Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness
Robinson, P. H., & Grilman, S. L. (1986) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1869174 · Cited by 1,171 · see citing works
African-American Women's History and the Metalanguage of Race
Higginbotham, E. B. (1992) · Signs · doi:10.1086/494730 · Cited by 966 · see citing works
Self-citationMaking whiteness: the culture of segregation in the South, 1890-1940
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-1762 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism
Gates, H. L. (1989) · Black Sacred Music · doi:10.1215/10439455-3.1.75.2 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West
Hine, D. C. (1989) · Signs · doi:10.1086/494552 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Righteous Discontent: The Women's Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880-1920
Scruggs, M. D., & Higginbotham, E. B. (1993) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1387199 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Self-citationLaughing fit to kill: black humor in the fictions of slavery
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-1923 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Examining Tuskegee: the infamous syphilis study and its legacy
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-5055 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South
Boswell, A., & Camp, S. M. H. (2005) · The Arkansas Historical Quarterly · doi:10.2307/40028054 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
Challenor, B., & Jones, J. H. (1982) · Journal of Public Health Policy · doi:10.2307/3342040 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Cole, A. C., & Bois, W. E. B. D. (1936) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/1893295 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
LeFlouria, T. L. (2015) · University of North Carolina Press eBooks · doi:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469622477.001.0001 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America
Prior, F. B. (2017) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/0094306117725085s · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Womanist Consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of Saint Luke
Brown, E. B. (1989) · Signs · doi:10.1086/494526 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Gender and the Politics of History
Zazueta, P., & Stockland, E. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912281633 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease
Hazin, R. (2011) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30321-7 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Hunter, T. W. (1998) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv287s9nb · Cited by 107 · see citing works
African-American Women's Quilting
Brown, E. B. (1989) · Signs · doi:10.1086/494553 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Sojourner Truth: A Life, A Symbol.
Martin, W. E., & Painter, N. I. (1997) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/2952618 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts.
Field, D., & Scott, J. C. (1994) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2166185 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Garcia, J. N. C. (2012) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.1353/book.14137 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Intersectionality and Identity Politics: Cross-Identity Coalitions for Progressive Social Change
Carroll, T. W. (2017) · Signs · doi:10.1086/689625 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Theorizing Pleasure: New Directions in Black Feminist Studies
Nash, J. C. (2012) · Feminist Studies · doi:10.1353/fem.2012.0008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Trouble with Gay Rights: Race and the Politics of Sexual Orientation in Philadelphia, 1969-1982
Mumford, K. J. (2011) · Journal of American History · doi:10.1093/jahist/jar139 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
An Open Letter to Justice Clarence Thomas from a Federal Judicial Colleague
Higginbotham, A. L. (1992) · University of Pennsylvania Law Review · doi:10.2307/3312331 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Antiblack Racism and the Metalanguage of Sexuality
Bailey, M. M., & Stallings, L. H. (2017) · Signs · doi:10.1086/689627 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race
Fuchs, L. H. (2000) · Journal of American Ethnic History · doi:10.2307/27502627 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom
Dorson, R. M., & Levine, L. W. (1980) · Journal of American Folklore · doi:10.2307/541013 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
(2016) · doi:10.5040/9798400607653 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Randolph, S. M. (2017) · Signs · doi:10.1086/689629 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kelley, R. D. G. (2017) · Signs · doi:10.1086/689623 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Difference, Power, and Lived Experiences: Revisiting the “Metalanguage of Race”
Gore, D. F. (2017) · Signs · doi:10.1086/689706 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Under the Strain of Color: Harlem’s Lafargue Clinic and the Promise of an Antiracist Psychiatry
Smith, K. (2018) · Nursing History Review · doi:10.1891/1062-8061.26.1.260 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Crenshaw Kimberlé, 1992, Morrison, 1992, 402
- Dunn Stephane, Baad Bitches
- Franklin John Hope, The South in Continuity and Change, ed. John C. McKinney and Edgar T. Thompson, 437–50.
- Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements, ed. George Breitman, 157–77.
- Morrison Toni, 1992. Race-ing Justice
- Muhammad Khalil Gibran, The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern America
- West Cornel, Race Matters
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Morgan, M. H. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190845995.013.13 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Field of Language and Race
Alim, H. S., Reyes, A. G., & Kroskrity, P. V. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190845995.013.1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Reproducing Racial Fictions: Critical Meditations on (a) Lesbian Pregnancy
Owens, E. A. (2019) · Signs · doi:10.1086/702292 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Nayak, S. (2020) · Critical and Radical Social Work · doi:10.1332/204986020x15945755847234 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Counterlanguage powermoves in African American women’s language practice
Morgan, M. H. (2021) · Gender and Language · doi:10.1558/genl.20317 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Higginbotham, E. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks
- Venue
- Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2017-03-01
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 628-642
- ISSN
- 0097-9740 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-6943
- OpenAlex
- W2588376032
- Semantic Scholar
- f4d814c2fbbb788f845177c8e78c59a6648490ae
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Signs (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Feminist Theory and Gender Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Theological Perspectives and Practices
- Keywords
- Evelyn Fox Keller, African American women, history of race theory, race and violence, historiography of race
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review