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Cited by 121Astro and Planetary ScienceStellar, planetary, and galactic studiesAstrophysics and Star Formation Studies

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AN OUTER PLANET BEYOND PLUTO AND THE ORIGIN OF THE TRANS-NEPTUNIAN BELT ARCHITECTURE

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Lykawka, Patryk S., Mukai, Tadashi·2008·The Astronomical Journal
DOI 10.1088/0004-6256/135/4/1161
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Abstract

Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are remnants of a collisionally and dynamically evolved planetesimal disk in the outer solar system. This complex structure, known as the trans-Neptunian belt (or Edgeworth–Kuiper belt), can reveal important clues about disk properties, planet formation, and other evolutionary processes. In contrast to the predictions of accretion theory, TNOs exhibit surprisingly large eccentricities, e , and inclinations, i , which can be grouped into distinct dynamical classes. Several models have addressed the origin and orbital evolution of TNOs, but none has reproduced detailed observations, e.g., all dynamical classes and peculiar objects, or provided insightful predictions. Based on extensive simulations of planetesimal disks with the presence of the four giant planets and massive planetesimals, we propose that the orbital history of an outer planet with tenths of the Earth's mass can explain the trans-Neptunian belt orbital structure. This massive body was likely scattered by one of the giant planets, which then stirred the primordial planetesimal disk to the levels observed at 40–50 AU and truncated it at about 48 AU before planet migration. The outer planet later acquired an inclined stable orbit (≥100 AU; 20–40°) because of a resonant interaction with Neptune (an r :1 or r :2 resonance possibly coupled with the Kozai mechanism), guaranteeing the stability of the trans-Neptunian belt. Our model consistently reproduces the main features of each dynamical class with unprecedented detail; it also satisfies other constraints such as the current small total mass of the trans-Neptunian belt and Neptune's current orbit at 30.1 AU. We also provide observationally testable predictions.

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Metadata

Authors
Lykawka, P. S., & Mukai, T.
Affiliations
Kobe University (JP)
Corresponding author
Lykawka, Patryk S.
ORCID
Lykawka, Patryk S.
Venue
The Astronomical Journal
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
2008-03-04
Volume
135
Issue
4
Pages
1161-1200
ISSN
  • 0004-6256 (ISSN-L)
  • 1538-3881
DOI
10.1088/0004-6256/135/4/1161
OpenAlex
W2015819337
Cited by
121
References
212
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
FWCI
5.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
public-domain
Locations
  • The Astronomical Journal (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Keywords
Kuiper belt, planetesimal disk, orbital evolution, orbital eccentricity, orbital inclination, planet migration, planet scattering, Neptune, Kozai mechanism, orbital resonance, planet formation, disk truncation

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