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THE ACTIVE ASTEROIDS
Open accessAbstract
Some asteroids eject dust, unexpectedly producing transient, comet-like comae and tails. First ascribed to the sublimation of near-surface water ice, mass-losing asteroids (also called "main-belt comets") can in fact be driven by a surprising diversity of mechanisms. In this paper, we consider 11 dynamical asteroids losing mass, in nine of which the ejected material is spatially resolved. We address mechanisms for producing mass loss including rotational instability, impact ejection, electrostatic repulsion, radiation pressure sweeping, dehydration stresses, and thermal fracture, in addition to the sublimation of ice. In two objects (133P and 238P) the repetitive nature of the observed activity leaves ice sublimation as the only reasonable explanation, while in a third ((596) Scheila), a recent impact is the cause. Another impact may account for activity in P/2010 A2, but this tiny object can also be explained as having shed mass after reaching rotational instability. Mass loss from (3200) Phaethon is probably due to cracking or dehydration at extreme (∼1000 K) perihelion temperatures, perhaps aided by radiation pressure sweeping. For the other bodies, the mass-loss mechanisms remain unidentified, pending the acquisition of more and better data. While the active asteroid sample size remains small, the evidence for an astonishing diversity of mass-loss processes in these bodies is clear.
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“Only a few such objects are currently known ( Jewitt et al. 2011; Jewitt 2012 ) ; LSST will increase the sample of such objects to ∼ 100.”
From LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products (2019) · cites this paper as Jewitt 2012
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InfluentialThe Strange Case of 133P/Elst-Pizarro: A Comet among the Asteroids
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InfluentialSelf-citationThe Lifetime of Ice on Main Belt Asteroids
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InfluentialInterplanetary Dust and Zodiacal Light
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InfluentialSelf-citationThe Geminid meteor stream and asteroid 3200 Phaethon
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InfluentialThe role of cohesive forces in particle launching on the Moon and asteroids
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HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF MAIN-BELT COMET (596) SCHEILA
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InfluentialSelf-citationA collision in 2009 as the origin of the debris trail of asteroid P/2010 A2
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InfluentialComplex electric fields near the lunar terminator: The near‐surface wake and accelerated dust
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COLLISIONAL EXCAVATION OF ASTEROID (596) SCHEILA
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InfluentialDesign Analysis in Rock Mechanics
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InfluentialThe return of activity in main-belt comet 133P/Elst-Pizarro
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Self-citationActivity in Geminid Parent (3200) Phaethon
Jewitt, D. C., & Li, J. (2010) · Cited by 97
Self-citationMAIN-BELT COMET P/2008 R1 (GARRADD)
Jewitt, D. C., Yang, B., & Haghighipour, N. (2009) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/5/4313 · Cited by 96 · cited 3×
“This object was observed over a ∼45 day interval in 2008, when near R = 2 AU, as having the appearance of an active comet with a typically flared tail (Jewitt et al. 2009).”
InfluentialSelf-citationApollo asteroid 2005 UD: split nucleus of (3200) Phaethon?
Ohtsuka, K., Sekiguchi, T., Kinoshita, D., Watanabe, J.-I., Itô, T., Arakida, H., & Kasuga, T. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200600022 · Cited by 91 · cited 2×
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Observational Selection Effects in Asteroid Surveys and Estimates of Asteroid Population Sizes
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On the origin of the unusual orbit of Comet 2P/Encke
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InfluentialA First Look at the Damocloids
Jewitt, D. C. (2004) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/426328 · Cited by 84 · cited 1×
“Inactive counterparts to the long-period and Halley family comets are called Damocloids (Jewitt 2005).”
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Physical Observations of 2005 UD: A Mini-Phaethon
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“This object is dynamically associated with the Geminid meteor stream (e.g., Williams & Wu 1993) and with several other small asteroids including 2005 UD (Ohtsuka et al. 2006; Jewitt & Hsieh 2006; Konoshita et al. 2007) and 1999 YC (Ohtsuka et al. 2008; Kasuga & Jewitt 2008).”
Self-citationDirect Monte Carlo and multifluid modeling of the circumnuclear dust coma
Crifo, J. F., Loukianov, G. A., Родионов, А. В., & Zakharov, V. V. (2005) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.01.003 · Cited by 79 · cited 1×
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Hsieh, H. H., Jewitt, D., & Fernández, Y. R. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/694/2/l111 · Cited by 79
Self-citation(596) SCHEILA IN OUTBURST: A PROBABLE COLLISION EVENT IN THE MAIN ASTEROID BELT
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“Moreno et al. (2011a) inferred dust production at the peak rate of ∼4 kg s−1, with centimeter-sized particles ejected at about 0.1–0.2 m s−1.”
InfluentialPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MAIN-BELT COMET P/2005 U1 (READ)
Hsieh, H. H., Jewitt, D. C., & Ishiguro, M. (2008) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/1/157 · Cited by 76
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4015 Wilson-Harrington, 2201 Oljato, and 3200 Phaethon: Search for CN Emission
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“However, a spectroscopic search for gas produced by Oljato itself proved negative (Chamberlin et al. 1996), with upper limits to the CN production rate near 1023 s−1.”
OPTICAL AND DYNAMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COMET-LIKE MAIN-BELT ASTEROID (596) SCHEILA
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“…scattering cross section declined smoothly with time, and the morphology evolved in a way consistent with the expansion of an impulsively ejected coma under the action of radiation pressure (Bodewits et al. 2011; Jewitt et al. 2011b; Moreno et al. 2011b; Hsieh et al. 2012; Ishiguro et al. 2011).”
InfluentialInterplanetary Magnetic Field Enhancements and Their Association with the Asteroid 2201 Oljato
Russell, C. T., Aroian, R. V., Arghavani, M., & Nock, K. T. (1984) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.226.4670.43 · Cited by 66
Electrostatic dust transport on Eros: 3-D simulations of pond formation
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“Unfortunately, ignorance of grain cohesion limits our ability to know whether electrostatic ejection is important on the asteroids, although flat, pond-like structures on Eros have been interpreted this way (Hughes et al. 2008).”
CCD observations of distant comets from Palomar and Steward Observatories
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“Curiously, 107P was re-observed on November 22 and 25 but then showed no trace of a tail (Cunningham 1950), and no comet-like activity has been reported since (Lowry & Weissman 2003; Ishiguro et al. 2011).”
MAIN-BELT COMET 238P/READ REVISITED
Hsieh, H. H., Meech, K. J., & Pittichová, J. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/736/1/l18 · Cited by 61 · cited 4×
“Discovered in 2006 and first observed to be active on UT 2011 August 30 (Hsieh et al. 2011a), little is yet known about this object.”
InfluentialCombined effect of YORP and collisions on the rotation rate of small Main Belt asteroids
Marzari, F., Rossi, A., & Scheeres, D. J. (2011) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.05.033 · Cited by 60 · cited 2×
“In fact, for sub-kilometer main-belt objects the YORP spin-up timescale is less than the timescale for collisional disruption (Marzari et al. 2011; Jacobson & Scheeres 2011).”
The Hawaii trails project: comet-hunting in the main asteroid belt
Hsieh, H. H. (2009) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912342 · Cited by 56 · cited 1×
“Unfortunately, the published surveys for active asteroids so far either are biased (Hsieh 2009) or, if unbiased, detected no objects and so provide insufficient information (Gilbert & Wiegert 2009, 2010; Sonnett et al. 2011).”
The shock wave equation of state of brucite Mg(OH)2
Duffy, T. S., Ahrens, T. J., & Lange, M. A. (1991) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/91jb00987 · Cited by 56 · cited 1×
“For example, shock dehydration of brucite (Mg(OH)2) begins near 12 GPa and is complete by 56 GPa (50% of the trapped water is lost at pressures 17 GPa; Duffy et al. 1991).”
PLANETESIMALS IN DEBRIS DISKS OF SUN-LIKE STARS
Shannon, A., & Wu, Y. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/739/1/36 · Cited by 55
Dynamical constraints on the origin of main belt cometsPreprint
Haghighipour, N. (2016) · Cited by 54
The Hawaii trails project: comet-hunting in the main asteroid belt
Hsieh, H. H. (2009) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912342/pdf · Cited by 54
Analysis of POSS Images of Comet–Asteroid Transition Object 107P/1949 W1 (Wilson–Harrington)
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“Fernández et al. (1997) analyzed two photographic plates taken on 1949 November 19, when at R = 1.148 AU.”
InfluentialDesign Analysis in Rock Mechanics
Pariseau, W. G. (2011) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b11461 · Cited by 53
Dynamical constraints on the origin of Main Belt comets
Haghighipour, N. (2009) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.tb01995.x · Cited by 52 · cited 3×
“Hsieh et al. (2011c) show (neglecting possible non-gravitational forces due to outgassing) that the orbit of P/2010 R2 is stable on timescales ∼100 Myr and argue that this object was likely formed in situ.”
Surface heterogeneity of 2005 UD from photometric observations
Kinoshita, D., Ohtsuka, K., Sekiguchi, T., Watanabe, J.-I., Itô, T., Arakida, H., Kasuga, T., Miyasaka, S., Nakamura, R., & Lin, H. C. (2007) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066276 · Cited by 49
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MAIN-BELT COMET 176P/LINEAR
Hsieh, H. H., Ishiguro, M., Lacerda, P., & Jewitt, D. C. (2011) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/1/29 · Cited by 49 · cited 4×
“Discovered in 2006 and first observed to be active on UT 2011 August 30 (Hsieh et al. 2011a), little is yet known about this object.”
InfluentialSelf-citationTakasawa, S., Nakamura, A., Kadono, T., Arakawa, M., Dohi, K., Ohno, S., Seto, Y., Maeda, M., Shigemori, K., Hironaka, Y., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/733/2/l39 · Cited by 47 · cited 1×
“A wider range of power laws (from q = 3 to as steep as q = 6) has been reported in small-scale, hypervelocity impact experiments (Takasawa et al. 2011).”
OBSERVATIONS OF 1999 YC AND THE BREAKUP OF THE GEMINID STREAM PARENT
Kasuga, T., & Jewitt, D. (2008) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/2/881 · Cited by 47 · cited 1×
“This object is dynamically associated with the Geminid meteor stream (e.g., Williams & Wu 1993) and with several other small asteroids including 2005 UD (Ohtsuka et al. 2006; Jewitt & Hsieh 2006; Konoshita et al. 2007) and 1999 YC (Ohtsuka et al. 2008; Kasuga & Jewitt 2008).”
Self-citationTHE DUST ENVIRONMENT OF MAIN-BELT COMET P/2010 R2 (LA SAGRA)
Moreno, F., Lara, L. M., Licandro, J., Ortiz, J. L., de León, J., Alí-Lagoa, V., Agı́s-González, B., & Molina, A. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/738/1/l16 · Cited by 45
Main Belt Comets: A new class of small bodies in the solar system
Bertini, I. (2011) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2011.01.014 · Cited by 41 · cited 1×
“A recent and complementary discussion focused on observational properties has been offered by Bertini (2011).”
Limits on the size and orbit distribution of main belt comets
Sonnett, S. M., Kleyna, J. T., Jedicke, R., & Masiero, J. R. (2011) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.08.001 · Cited by 35
ROTATION STATE OF COMET 103P/HARTLEY 2 FROM RADIO SPECTROSCOPY AT 1 mm
Drahus, M., Jewitt, D. C., Guilbert-Lepoutre, A., Waniak, W., Hoge, J., Lis, D. C., Yoshida, H., Peng, R., & Sievers, A. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/734/1/l4 · Cited by 35 · cited 1×
“An object losing mass through sublimation can, depending on the rate and angular dependence of the mass loss, experience a torque orders of magnitude larger than torques due to either collisions or YORP, quickly being driven toward rotational breakup (cf. Drahus et al. 2011).”
Self-citationThe quasi-Hilda subgroup of ecliptic comets – an update
Tóth, I. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053492 · Cited by 32 · cited 1×
“As an example, the quasiHilda comets at a ∼ 4.0 AU have TJ ∼ 2.9–3.04 but are clearly interacting with Jupiter through the 3:2 mean-motion resonance (Toth 2006).”
InfluentialSearching for main-belt comets using the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey
Gilbert, A. M., & Wiegert, P. (2009) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.01.011 · Cited by 30 · cited 1×
“Unfortunately, the published surveys for active asteroids so far either are biased (Hsieh 2009) or, if unbiased, detected no objects and so provide insufficient information (Gilbert & Wiegert 2009, 2010; Sonnett et al. 2011).”
WATER-ICE-DRIVEN ACTIVITY ON MAIN-BELT COMET P/2010 A2 (LINEAR)?
Moreno, F., Licandro, J., Tozzi, G. P., Ortiz, J. L., Cabrera-Lavers, A., Augusteijn, T., Liimets, T., Lindberg, J. E., Pursimo, T., Rodríguez-Gil, P., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/718/2/l132 · Cited by 29 · cited 3×
“(Note that an opposite conclusion was reached by Moreno et al. 2010 but based on limited data.)”
Rotation State of Comet 103P/Hartley 2 from Radio Spectroscopy at 1 mm
Drahus, M., Jewitt, D. C., Guilbert-Lepoutre, A., Waniak, W., Hoge, J., Lis, D. C., Yoshida, H., Peng, R., & Sievers, A. (2011) · HAL · Cited by 29
Self-citationGilbert, A. M., & Wiegert, P. (2010) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.07.016 · Cited by 27 · cited 1×
“Unfortunately, the published surveys for active asteroids so far either are biased (Hsieh 2009) or, if unbiased, detected no objects and so provide insufficient information (Gilbert & Wiegert 2009, 2010; Sonnett et al. 2011).”
NEAR-INFRARED OBSERVATIONS OF COMET-LIKE ASTEROID (596) SCHEILA
Yang, B., & Hsieh, H. H. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/737/2/l39 · Cited by 24 · cited 1×
“No ice was observed in the coma (Yang & Hsieh 2011).”
SEARCH FOR THE COMET ACTIVITY OF 107P/(4015) WILSON-HARRINGTON DURING THE 2009/2010 APPARITION
Ishiguro, M., Ham, J.-B., Tholen, D. J., Elliott, G. T., Micheli, M., Niwa, T., Sakamoto, M., Matsuda, K., Urakawa, S., Yoshimoto, K., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/726/2/101 · Cited by 20 · cited 4×
“For P/2010 A2 this is ∼0.1 m s−1, allowing large, slow grains to persist for >1 yr after impact, while, for Scheila, particles ejected at less than the 60 or 70 m s−1 escape speed simply fell back on the surface (Jewitt et al. 2011b; Ishiguro et al. 2011).”
InfluentialShort-period comets and apollo-amor-aten type asteroids in view of tisserand invariant
Kosai, H. (1992) · Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy · doi:10.1007/bf00049556 · Cited by 20
Licandro, J., Campins, H., Kelley, M., Fernández, Y., Delbò, M., Reach, W. T., Groussin, O., Lamy, P., Tóth, I., A'Hearn, M. F., et al. (2009) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913116 · Cited by 19
THERMAL SHADOWS AND COMPOSITIONAL STRUCTURE IN COMET NUCLEI
Guilbert-Lepoutre, A., & Jewitt, D. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/743/1/31 · Cited by 18
Self-citationPRE-DISCOVERY OBSERVATIONS OF DISRUPTING ASTEROID P/2010 A2
Jewitt, D., Stuart, J. S., & Li, J. (2011) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/1/28 · Cited by 16 · cited 20×
“The phenomenon has not been observed to repeat, but comparable observations when near perihelion are difficult to secure because of the small angular separation from the Sun.”
InfluentialSelf-citationHistorical Perspective on Computational Star Formation
Larson, R. B. (2010) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921311000093 · Cited by 15 · cited 1×
“The outburst brightness was ∼1 mag brighter than the bare asteroid (Larson 2010; Jewitt et al. 2011b).”
Photometric observations of 107P/Wilson–Harrington
Urakawa, S., Okumura, S.-I., Nishiyama, K., Sakamoto, T., Takahashi, N., Abe, S., Ishiguro, M., Kitazato, K., Kuroda, D., Hasegawa, S., et al. (2011) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.06.044 · Cited by 14
Historical Perspective on Computational Star FormationPreprint
Larson, R. B. (2016) · Cited by 14
Application of a convective heat source to the thermal fracturing of rock
Lauriello, P. J. (1974) · International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts · doi:10.1016/0148-9062(74)92651-5 · Cited by 12 · cited 1×
“The expansivities of common rocks are α ∼ 10−5 K−1 (Lauriello 1974; Richter & Simmons 1974).”
Licandro, J., Campins, H., Kelley, M. S. P., Fernández, Y. R., Delbò, M., Reach, W. T., Groussin, O., Lamy, P., Tóth, I., A’Hearn, M. F., et al. (2009) · Open Research Online (The Open University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.0910.0116 · Cited by 11
On the origin of interplanetary dust within recorded history
Reach, W. T. (1992) · Meteoritics · doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1992.tb00216.x · Cited by 5 · cited 1×
“Extreme brightening caused by impact has been suggested as an explanation of “guest stars” recorded in ancient Chinese records (Reach 1992).”
岩石の割れ目の程度を決定する一方法(Int.J.Rock Meck.Min.Sci.& Geomech.Abstr.Vol.11,1974)
Hansagi, I., 大見, 美., & 松木, 浩. (1975) · Journal of the Mining and Metallurgical Institute of Japan · Cited by 3
Kadono, T., Sugita, S., Ootsubo, T., Sako, S., Miyata, T., Furusho, R., Honda, M., Kawakita, H., & Watanabe, J.-I. (2010) · Earth Planets and Space · doi:10.5047/eps.2008.12.005 · Cited by 1 · cited 1×
“The size distribution of the ejecta from NASA’s Deep Impact mission to comet 9P/Tempel 1 has been modeled as a power law (Kadono et al. 2010).”
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Cited by
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LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products
Ivezić, Ž., Kahn, S. M., Tyson, J. A., Abel, B., Acosta, E., Allsman, R., Alonso, D., AlSayyad, Y., Anderson, S. F., Andrew, J., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c · Cited by 4,357
“Only a few such objects are currently known (Jewitt et al. 2011; Jewitt 2012); LSST will increase the sample of such objects to ∼100.”
BackgroundThe Zwicky Transient Facility: Science Objectives
Graham, M., Kulkarni, S., Bellm, E., Adams, S., Barbarino, C., Blagorodnova, N., Bodewits, D., Bolin, B., Brady, P., Cenko, S., et al. (2019) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ab006c · Cited by 613
“…events such as cometary outbursts and fragmentation events (Ye et al. 2015; Ishiguro et al. 2016), collisions between asteroids (Snodgrass et al. 2010; Bodewits et al. 2011), unexpected or irregular activity in asteroids (Jewitt 2012; Waszczak et al. 2013; Ye 2017) and Centaurs (Jewitt 2009).”
BackgroundAlexander, C. M. O., Bowden, R., Fogel, M. L., Howard, K. T., Herd, C. D. K., & Nittler, L. R. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1223474 · Cited by 734
Solar System evolution from compositional mapping of the asteroid belt
DeMeo, F. E., & Carry, B. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12908 · Cited by 564
Thermal fatigue as the origin of regolith on small asteroids
Delbò, M., Libourel, G., Wilkerson, J. W., Murdoch, N., Patrick Michel, B., Ramesh, K. T., Ganino, C., Vérati, C., & Marchi, S. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13153 · Cited by 376
Metadata
- Authors
- Jewitt, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jewitt, David
- ORCID
- Jewitt, David
- Venue
- The Astronomical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2012-02-09
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 66
- ISSN
- 0004-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-3881
- OpenAlex
- W2951973812
- Cited by
- 318
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 17.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astronomical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Space Satellite Systems and Control
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- active asteroids, main-belt comets, mass loss, dust ejection, water ice sublimation, rotational instability, impact ejection, electrostatic repulsion, dehydration, thermal fracture, 3200 Phaethon, asteroid dynamics
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