The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
SALTS AND RADIATION PRODUCTS ON THE SURFACE OF EUROPA
Open accessAbstract
The surface of Europa could contain the compositional imprint of an underlying interior ocean, but competing hypotheses differ over whether spectral observations from the Galileo spacecraft show the signature of ocean evaporates or simply surface radiation products unrelated to the interior. Using adaptive optics at the W. M. Keck Observatory, we have obtained spatially resolved spectra of most of the disk of Europa at a spectral resolution ∼40 times higher than seen by the Galileo spacecraft. These spectra show a previously undetected distinct signature of magnesium sulfate salts on Europa, but the magnesium sulfate is confined to the trailing hemisphere and spatially correlated with the presence of radiation products like sulfuric acid and SO 2 . On the leading, less irradiated, hemisphere, our observations rule out the presence of many of the proposed sulfate salts, but do show the presence of distorted water ice bands. Based on the association of the potential MgSO 4 detection on the trailing side with other radiation products, we conclude that MgSO 4 is also a radiation product, rather than a constituent of a Europa ocean brine. Based on ocean chemistry models, we hypothesize that, prior to irradiation, magnesium is primarily in the form of MgCl 2 , and we predict that NaCl and KCl are even more abundant, and, in fact, dominate the non-ice component of the leading hemisphere. We propose observational tests of this new hypothesis.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Studies of Europa, an icy moon of Jupiter, have suggested that products from its irradiated, oxidized surface are placed into contact with its liquid inner ocean through processes operating on geologically short timescales such as diapirism, cryovolcanism, fracturing, and reservoir collapse (Brown and Hand 2013;Sparks et al. 2017).”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Brown and Hand 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Instrument Design and Performance for Optical/Infrared Ground-based Telescopes
Iye, M., & Moorwood, A. F. M. (2003) · SPIE eBooks · Cited by 724
Galileo Magnetometer Measurements: A Stronger Case for a Subsurface Ocean at Europa
Kivelson, M. G., Khurana, K. K., Russell, C. T., Volwerk, M., Walker, R. J., & Zimmer, C. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.289.5483.1340 · Cited by 724
Europa's Crust and Ocean: Origin, Composition, and the Prospects for Life
Kargel, J. S., Kaye, J. Z., Head, J. W., III, Marion, G. M., Sassen, R., Crowley, J. K., Ballesteros, O. P., Grant, S. A., & Hogenboom, D. L. (2000) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6471 · Cited by 455
Europa's Differentiated Internal Structure: Inferences from Four Galileo Encounters
Anderson, J. D., Schubert, G., Jacobson, R. A., Lau, E. L., Moore, W. B., & SJOGREN, W. L. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5385.2019 · Cited by 413
Subsurface Oceans on Europa and Callisto: Constraints from Galileo Magnetometer Observations
Zimmer, C. (2000) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6456 · Cited by 412
Salts on Europa's Surface Detected by Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer
McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., Fanale, F. P., Carlson, R. W., Matson, D. L., Johnson, T. V., Smythe, W. D., Crowley, J. K., Martin, P. D., Ocampo, A., et al. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5367.1242 · Cited by 411
Sulfuric Acid on Europa and the Radiolytic Sulfur Cycle
Carlson, R. W., Johnson, R. E., & Anderson, M. S. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.97 · Cited by 382
McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., Matson, D. L., Johnson, T. V., Crowley, J. K., Fanale, F. P., Carlson, R. W., Smythe, W. D., Martin, P. D., Hibbitts, C. A., et al. (1999) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/1999je900005 · Cited by 344
Remote sensing of the environment
Schanda, E. (1978) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf00450584 · Cited by 321
Energy for microbial life on Europa
Chyba, C. F. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35000281 · Cited by 282
Brine volcanism and the interior structures of asteroids and icy satellites
Kargel, J. S. (1991) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(91)90235-l · Cited by 280
Evidence for sulphur implantation in Europa's UV absorption band
Lane, A. L., Nelson, R. M., & Matson, D. L. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/292038a0 · Cited by 202
Spectral comparison of heavily hydrated salts with disrupted terrains on Europa
Dalton, J. B., Prieto‐Ballesteros, O., Kargel, J. S., Jamieson, C. S., Jolivet, J., & Quinn, R. C. (2005) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.02.023 · Cited by 179
Sulfuric Acid Production on Europa: The Radiolysis of Sulfur in Water Ice
Carlson, R. W., Anderson, M. S., Johnson, R. E., Schulman, M. B., & Yavrouian, A. H. (2002) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6858 · Cited by 171
Hydrated Salt Minerals on Ganymede's Surface: Evidence of an Ocean Below
McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., & Hibbitts, C. A. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1059916 · Cited by 164
Distribution of hydrate on Europa: Further evidence for sulfuric acid hydrate
Carlson, R. W., Anderson, M. S., Mehlman, R., & Johnson, R. E. (2005) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.03.026 · Cited by 157
Exogenic and endogenic albedo and color patterns on Europa
McEwen, A. S. (1986) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jb091ib08p08077 · Cited by 139
Calvin, W. M., Clark, R. N., Brown, R. H., & Spencer, J. R. (1995) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/94je03349 · Cited by 137
Radiation chemical alterations in solar system ices: An overview
Hudson, R. L., & Moore, M. H. (2001) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2000je001299 · Cited by 124
Discovery of an extended sodium atmosphere around Europa
Brown, M. E., & Hill, R. E. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/380229a0 · Cited by 121
Self-citationPotassium in Europa's Atmosphere
Brown, M. E. (2001) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6612 · Cited by 116
Self-citationThe radiolysis of SO2 and H2S in water ice: Implications for the icy jovian satellites
Moore, M. H., Hudson, R. L., & CARLSON, R. (2007) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.01.018 · Cited by 108
Brines exposed to Europa surface conditions
McCord, T. B., Teeter, G. R., Hansen, G. B., Sieger, M. T., & Orlando, T. M. (2002) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2000je001453 · Cited by 102
THE INFRARED SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF FROZEN VOLATILES
Fink, U., & Sill, G. T. (1982) · University of Arizona Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1v7zds6.9 · Cited by 91
Dalton, J. B., Shirley, J. H., & Kamp, L. W. (2011) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2011je003909 · Cited by 90
The chemical nature of Europa surface material and the relation to a subsurface ocean
Orlando, T. M., McCord, T. B., & Grieves, G. A. (2005) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.05.009 · Cited by 86
Shirley, J. H., Dalton, J. B., Prockter, L. M., & Kamp, L. W. (2010) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.06.018 · Cited by 84
New Horizons Mapping of Europa and Ganymede
Grundy, W. M., Buratti, B. J., CHENG, A. F., Emery, J. P., Lunsford, A. W., McKinnon, W. B., Moore, J. M., Newman, S., Olkin, C. B., Reuter, D. C., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1147623 · Cited by 72
Fanale, F. P., Li, Y., Carlo, E. D., Farley, C., Sharma, S. K., Horton, K., & Granahan, J. C. (2001) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2000je001385 · Cited by 71
Hydrate sulfuric acid after sulfur implantation in water ice
Strazzulla, G., Baratta, G. A., Leto, G., & Gomis, O. (2007) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.08.004 · Cited by 48
Low temperature optical constants of some hydrated sulfates relevant to planetary surfaces
Dalton, J. B., & Pitman, K. M. (2012) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2011je004036 · Cited by 47
Hydrated minerals on Europa’s surface: An improved look from the Galileo NIMS investigation
McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., Combe, J., & Hayne, P. O. (2010) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.05.026 · Cited by 45
Feldman, P. D., Ake, T. B., Berman, A. F., Moos, H. W., Sahnow, D. J., Strobel, D. F., Weaver, H. A., & Young, P. R. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/320920 · Cited by 41
OSIRIS: infrared integral field spectrograph for the Keck adaptive optics system
Larkin, J. E., Quirrenbach, A., Krabbe, A., Aliado, T., Barczys, M., Brims, G., Canfield, J., Gasaway, T. M., Lafreniére, D., Magnone, N., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.461775 · Cited by 39
Spencer, J. R., Grundy, W. M., Dumas, C., Carlson, R. W., McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., & Terrile, R. J. (2006) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.024 · Cited by 22
Detection of Atomic Chlorine in Io’s Atmosphere with theHubble Space TelescopeGHRS
Feaga, L. M., McGrath, M. A., Feldman, P. D., & Strobel, D. F. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/421862 · Cited by 20
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Baldridge, 2009, RSEnv, 113, 711
- Carlson, 2009, Europa, 283
- Carlson, 1992, SSRv, 60, 457
- Cernicharo, 1987, A&A, 183, L10
- Clark, 2007, USGS Digitial Spectral Library splib06a: U.S. Geological Survey, Digital Data Series 231
- Dalton, 2007, GeoRL, 34, L21205
- Dalton, 2012, P&SS
- Hand, 2009, Europa, 589
- Küppers, 2000, GeoRL, 27, 513
- McKinnon, 2003, AsBio, 3, 879
- Paranicas, 2001, GeoRL, 28, 673
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Glein, C. R., Baross, J. A., & Waite, J. H. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.017 · Cited by 276
Sodium chloride on the surface of Europa
Trumbo, S. K., Brown, M. E., & Hand, K. P. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw7123 · Cited by 228
Self-citationGeophysical Investigations of Habitability in Ice-Covered Ocean Worlds
Vance, S. D., Panning, M. P., Stähler, S. C., Cammarano, F., Bills, B. G., Tobie, G., Kamata, S., Kedar, S., Sotin, C., Pike, W. T., et al. (2018) · Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) · doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000245176 · Cited by 186
Vance, S. D., Bouffard, M., Choukroun, M. N., & Sotin, C. (2014) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2014.03.011 · Cited by 173
Europa's surface color suggests an ocean rich with sodium chloride
Hand, K. P., & Carlson, R. W. (2015) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2015gl063559 · Cited by 168
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Brown, M. E., & Hand, K. P.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brown, M. E.
- Venue
- The Astronomical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2013-03-14
- Volume
- 145
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 110
- ISSN
- 0004-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-3881
- OpenAlex
- W2137799162
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 6.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astronomical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- Europa, magnesium sulfate, sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, trailing hemisphere, leading hemisphere, subsurface ocean, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
