The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
SALTS AND RADIATION PRODUCTS ON THE SURFACE OF EUROPA
Open accessAbstract
The surface of Europa could contain the compositional imprint of an underlying interior ocean, but competing hypotheses differ over whether spectral observations from the Galileo spacecraft show the signature of ocean evaporates or simply surface radiation products unrelated to the interior. Using adaptive optics at the W. M. Keck Observatory, we have obtained spatially resolved spectra of most of the disk of Europa at a spectral resolution ∼40 times higher than seen by the Galileo spacecraft. These spectra show a previously undetected distinct signature of magnesium sulfate salts on Europa, but the magnesium sulfate is confined to the trailing hemisphere and spatially correlated with the presence of radiation products like sulfuric acid and SO 2 . On the leading, less irradiated, hemisphere, our observations rule out the presence of many of the proposed sulfate salts, but do show the presence of distorted water ice bands. Based on the association of the potential MgSO 4 detection on the trailing side with other radiation products, we conclude that MgSO 4 is also a radiation product, rather than a constituent of a Europa ocean brine. Based on ocean chemistry models, we hypothesize that, prior to irradiation, magnesium is primarily in the form of MgCl 2 , and we predict that NaCl and KCl are even more abundant, and, in fact, dominate the non-ice component of the leading hemisphere. We propose observational tests of this new hypothesis.
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“Studies of Europa, an icy moon of Jupiter, have suggested that products from its irradiated, oxidized surface are placed into contact with its liquid inner ocean through processes operating on geologically short timescales such as diapirism, cryovolcanism, fracturing, and reservoir collapse (Brown and Hand 2013;Sparks et al. 2017).”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Brown and Hand 2013
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Cites
Instrument Design and Performance for Optical/Infrared Ground-based Telescopes
Iye, M., & Moorwood, A. F. M. (2003) · SPIE eBooks · Cited by 724
Galileo Magnetometer Measurements: A Stronger Case for a Subsurface Ocean at Europa
Kivelson, M. G., Khurana, K. K., Russell, C. T., Volwerk, M., Walker, R. J., & Zimmer, C. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.289.5483.1340 · Cited by 724
Europa's Crust and Ocean: Origin, Composition, and the Prospects for Life
Kargel, J. S., Kaye, J. Z., Head, J. W., III, Marion, G. M., Sassen, R., Crowley, J. K., Ballesteros, O. P., Grant, S. A., & Hogenboom, D. L. (2000) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6471 · Cited by 455
Europa's Differentiated Internal Structure: Inferences from Four Galileo Encounters
Anderson, J. D., Schubert, G., Jacobson, R. A., Lau, E. L., Moore, W. B., & SJOGREN, W. L. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5385.2019 · Cited by 413
Subsurface Oceans on Europa and Callisto: Constraints from Galileo Magnetometer Observations
Zimmer, C. (2000) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6456 · Cited by 412
Salts on Europa's Surface Detected by Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer
McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., Fanale, F. P., Carlson, R. W., Matson, D. L., Johnson, T. V., Smythe, W. D., Crowley, J. K., Martin, P. D., Ocampo, A., et al. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5367.1242 · Cited by 411
Sulfuric Acid on Europa and the Radiolytic Sulfur Cycle
Carlson, R. W., Johnson, R. E., & Anderson, M. S. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.97 · Cited by 382
McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., Matson, D. L., Johnson, T. V., Crowley, J. K., Fanale, F. P., Carlson, R. W., Smythe, W. D., Martin, P. D., Hibbitts, C. A., et al. (1999) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/1999je900005 · Cited by 344
Remote sensing of the environment
Schanda, E. (1978) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf00450584 · Cited by 321
Energy for microbial life on Europa
Chyba, C. F. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35000281 · Cited by 282
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- Carlson, 1992, SSRv, 60, 457
- Cernicharo, 1987, A&A, 183, L10
- Clark, 2007, USGS Digitial Spectral Library splib06a: U.S. Geological Survey, Digital Data Series 231
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Glein, C. R., Baross, J. A., & Waite, J. H. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.017 · Cited by 276
Sodium chloride on the surface of Europa
Trumbo, S. K., Brown, M. E., & Hand, K. P. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw7123 · Cited by 228
Self-citationGeophysical Investigations of Habitability in Ice-Covered Ocean Worlds
Vance, S. D., Panning, M. P., Stähler, S. C., Cammarano, F., Bills, B. G., Tobie, G., Kamata, S., Kedar, S., Sotin, C., Pike, W. T., et al. (2018) · Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) · doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000245176 · Cited by 186
Vance, S. D., Bouffard, M., Choukroun, M. N., & Sotin, C. (2014) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2014.03.011 · Cited by 173
Europa's surface color suggests an ocean rich with sodium chloride
Hand, K. P., & Carlson, R. W. (2015) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2015gl063559 · Cited by 168
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Metadata
- Authors
- Brown, M. E., & Hand, K. P.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brown, M. E.
- Venue
- The Astronomical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2013-03-14
- Volume
- 145
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 110
- ISSN
- 0004-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-3881
- OpenAlex
- W2137799162
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 6.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astronomical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- Europa, magnesium sulfate, sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, trailing hemisphere, leading hemisphere, subsurface ocean, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride
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