The DOI matches its Crossref record; 129 of the 129 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
STAR FORMATION IN THE CENTRAL 400 PC OF THE MILKY WAY: EVIDENCE FOR A POPULATION OF MASSIVE YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS
Open accessAbstract
The central kpc of the Milky Way might be expected to differ significantly from the rest of the Galaxy with regard to gasdynamics and the formation of young stellar objects (YSOs). We probe this possibility with mid-infrared observations obtained with Infrared Array Camera and Multiband Imaging Photometer on Spitzer and with Midcourse Space Experiment . We use color–color diagrams and spectral energy distribution (SED) fits to explore the nature of YSO candidates (including objects with 4.5 μm excesses possibly due to molecular emission). There is an asymmetry in the distribution of the candidate YSOs, which tend to be found at negative Galactic longitudes; this behavior contrasts with that of the molecular gas, approximately 2/3 of which is at positive longitudes. The small-scale height of these objects suggests that they are within the Galactic center region and are dynamically young. They lie between two layers of infrared dark clouds and may have originated from these clouds. We identify new sites for this recent star formation by comparing the mid-IR, radio, submillimeter, and methanol maser data. The methanol masers appear to be associated with young, embedded YSOs characterized by 4.5 μm excesses. We use the SEDs of these sources to estimate their physical characteristics; their masses appear to range from ∼10 to ∼20 M ☉ . Within the central 400 × 50 pc (| l | < 1 3 and | b | < 10') the star formation rate (SFR) based on the identification of Stage I evolutionary phase of YSO candidates is about 0.14 M ☉ yr −1 . Given that the majority of the sources in the population of YSOs are classified as Stage I objects, we suggest that a recent burst of star formation took place within the last 10 5 yr. This suggestion is also consistent with estimates of SFRs within the last ∼10 7 yr showing a peak around 10 5 yr ago. Lastly, we find that the Schmidt–Kennicutt Law applies well in the central 400 pc of the Galaxy. This implies that star formation does not appear to be dramatically affected by the extreme physical conditions in the Galactic center region.
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“Integrated IR emission of star-forming regions (resolved or unresolved) in the CMZ indicates an SFR of ∼ 0 . 1 M ⊙ yr -1 (YusefZadeh et al. 2009; Barnes et al. 2017).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Yusef-Zadeh et al. 2009
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“(Yusef-Zadeh et al. 2009) counted the number of YSOs within | l | , | b | < 1 . 3 ◦ , 0 . 17 ◦ and estimated that the current SFR is ≃ 0 . 15 M ⊙ yr -1 for the last ∼ 0 . 1 Myr.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Yusef-Zadeh et al. 2009
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Cites
On the variation of the initial mass function
Kroupa, P. (2001) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04022.x · Cited by 7,499
STAR FORMATION IN GALAXIES ALONG THE HUBBLE SEQUENCE
Kennicutt, R. C. (1998) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.189 · Cited by 6,578
Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
Kennicutt, R. C., & Words, K. (1998) · Cited by 3,712
Reipurth, B., Jewitt, D. C., & Keil, K. (2007) · Cited by 2,831
Durisen, R. H., Boss, A. P., Mayer, L., Nelson, A., Quinn, T., & Rice, K. (2005) · Cited by 1,822
Radio Emission from Normal Galaxies
Condon, J. (1992) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.30.090192.003043 · Cited by 1,660
Ghez, A. M., Salim, S., Weinberg, N. N., Lu, J. R., Do, T., Dunn, J. K., Matthews, K., Morris, M. R., Yelda, S., Becklin, E. E., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/592738 · Cited by 1,577
Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. II. The Diffuse Interstellar Medium
Li, A., & Draine, B. T. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/323147 · Cited by 1,423
THE GALACTIC CENTER ENVIRONMENT
Morris, M., & Serabyn, E. (1996) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.645 · Cited by 930
Robitaille, T., Whitney, B. A., Indebetouw, R., & Wood, K. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/512039 · Cited by 870
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Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
Kennicutt, R. C., & Evans, N. J. (2012) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125610 · Cited by 2,902
“Evidence for variations in star formation rate on short timescales is discussed by Yusef-Zadeh et al. (2009).”
BackgroundVISTA Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV): The public ESO near-IR variability survey of the Milky Way
Minniti, D., Lucas, P. W., Emerson, J. P., Saito, R. K., Hempel, M., Pietrukowicz, P., Ahumada, A. V., Alonso, M. V., Alonso-García, J., & Arias, J. I. (2009) · New Astronomy · doi:10.1016/j.newast.2009.12.002 · Cited by 1,004
Cool outflows in galaxies and their implications
Veilleux, S., Maiolino, R., Bolatto, A. D., & Aalto, S. (2020) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-019-0121-9 · Cited by 516
Acero, F., Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Albert, A., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bellazzini, R., Bissaldi, E., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/0067-0049/223/2/26 · Cited by 433
Self-citationThe Fermi Galactic Center GeV Excess and Implications for Dark Matter
Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Albert, A., Atwood, W. B., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bellazzini, R., Bissaldi, E., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6cab · Cited by 486
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Metadata
- Authors
- Yusef-Zadeh, F., Hewitt, J. W., Arendt, R. G., Whitney, B., Rieke, G., Wardle, M., Hinz, J. L., Stolovy, S., Lang, C. C., Burton, M. G., & Ramirez, S.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- Space Science Institute (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Macquarie University (AU)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2009-08-10
- Volume
- 702
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 178-225
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W1796926725
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 6.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- star formation, Galactic Center, young stellar objects, massive young stellar objects, infrared dark clouds, methanol masers, star formation rate, Schmidt-Kennicutt law, mid-infrared excess, molecular gas distribution, star formation history, embedded star formation
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