THE GALACTIC CENTER ENVIRONMENT

Morris, Mark; Serabyn, Eugene

doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.645

Cited by 930Astrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsAstrophysics and Star Formation StudiesGalaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena

THE GALACTIC CENTER ENVIRONMENT

Morris, Mark, Serabyn, Eugene·1996·Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

DOI 10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.645

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Abstract

▪ Abstract The central half kiloparsec region of our Galaxy harbors a variety of phenomena unique to the central environment. This review discusses the observed structure and activity of the interstellar medium in this region in terms of its inevitable inflow toward the center of the Galactic gravitational potential well. A number of dissipative processes lead to a strong concentration of gas into a “Central Molecular Zone” of about 200-pc radius, in which the molecular medium is characterized by large densities, large velocity dispersions, high temperatures, and apparently strong magnetic fields. The physical state of the gas and the resultant star formation processes occurring in this environment are therefore quite unlike those occurring in the large-scale disk. Gas not consumed by star formation either enters a hot X ray–emitting halo and is lost as a thermally driven galactic wind or continues moving inward, probably discontinuously, through the domain of the few parsec-sized circumnuclear disks and eventually into the central parsec. There, the central radio source SgrA*currently accepts only a tiny fraction of the inflowing material, likely as a result of a limit cycle wherein the continual inflow of matter provokes star formation, which in turn can temporarily halt the inflow via mass-outflow winds.

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The CMZ is a disk-like region of dense (≳10^3 cm^-3) gas within +1.7°≲l≲-1° (R≃200 pc, assuming Galactocentric radii 8.5 kpc), |b|≲0.5° (H≃75 pc), and |vrot|≲150 km/s.
“The CMZ is a disk-like region of dense ( ≳ 10 3 cm -3 ) gas within + 1 . 7 ◦ ≲ l ≲ -1 ◦ ( R ≃ 200 pc, assuming a Galactocentric radii of 8 . 5 kpc), | b | ≲ 0 . 5 ◦ ( H ≃ 75 pc), and | v rot | ≲ 150 km s -1 (Panel a of Fig 8; Sofue 1995; Morris & Serabyn 1996; Molinari et al. 2011; Henshaw et al. 2016, 2022; Sormani et al. 2022).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Morris & Serabyn 1996

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Evolution of galactic nuclei with 10-M black holes
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The gas distribution in the central region of the Galaxy. II - Carbon monoxide
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Twisted and warped disks as consequences of heavy halos
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Collimation of astrophysical jets by inertial confinement
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Near-infrared 0.15 arcsec resolution imaging of the Galactic center
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Gold-type mechanisms of grain alignment
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The Galactic Interstellar Medium
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The source of the relativistic particles in the galactic center arc
Serabyn, E., & Morris, M. (1994) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/187282 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Nuclei of Normal Galaxies
Genzel, R., & Harris, A. I. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0752-5 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Stellar velocities and the mass distribution in the Galactic center
Rieke, G. H., & Rieke, M. J. (1988) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/185199 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The thermal, arched filaments of the radio arc near the Galactic center - Magnetohydrodynamic-induced ionization?
Morris, M., & Yusef-Zadeh, F. (1989) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/167742 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citation
The 6.7 keV iron line distribution in the Galaxy
Yamauchi, S., & Koyama, K. (1993) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/172315 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Extreme gas pressures in the galactic bulge
Spergel, D. N., & Blitz, L. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/357665a0 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The Peculiar Population of Hot Stars at the Galactic Center
Tamblyn, P., Rieke, G. H., Hanson, M. M., Close, L. M., W., J. M. D., & Rieke, M. J. (1996) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/176641 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Possible evidence against a massive black hole at the Galactic Centre
Goldwurm, A., Cordier, B., Paul, J., Ballet, J., Bouchet, L., Reques, J.-P., Vedrenne, G., Mandrou, P., Sunyaev, R., Churazov, E., et al. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/371589a0 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The luminosity of the Galactic center
Davidson, J. A., Werner, M. W., Wu, X., Lester, D. F., Harvey, P. M., Joy, M., & Morris, M. (1992) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/171071 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation
The far-infrared luminosity of molecular clouds in the Galaxy
Scoville, N. Z., & Good, J. (1989) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/167283 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
A comparison of near-infrared spectra of the galactic center compact He I emission-line sources and early-type mass-losing stars
Blum, R., DePoy, D. L., & Sellgren, K. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/175386 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Unusual threads of radio emission near the galactic center
Morris, M., & Yusef-Zadeh, F. (1985) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/113955 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citation
Radio Images of Sagittarius. II. Sagittarius C and Its Neighbors
Liszt, H. S., & Spiker, R. W. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/192160 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Star formation in the galactic center dust ridge
Lis, D. C., Menten, K. M., Serabyn, E., & Zylka, R. (1994) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/187230 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citation
Origin of the galactic Centre lobes
Uchida, Y., Shibata, K., & Sofue, Y. (1985) · Nature · doi:10.1038/317699a0 · Cited by 72 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Another alternative is that the NTFs lie upon the surface of a cylindrical wall of compressed magnetic field surrounding the Galactic center (Uchida et al 1985, Heyvaerts et al 1988) and that they are again illuminated by some local mechanism for the generation of relativistic particles.”
BackgroundMethod
Signatures of bulge triaxiality from kinematics in Baade's window
Zhao, H., Spergel, D. N., & Rich, R. M. (1994) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/117227 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Sagittarius A and Its Environment
Brown, R. L., & Liszt, H. S. (1984) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.001255 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Far-infrared, submillimeter, and millimeter spectroscopy of the Galactic center - Radio ARC and +20/+50 kilometer per second clouds
Genzel, R., Stacey, G. J., Harris, A. I., Townes, C. H., Geis, N., Graf, U. U., Poglitsch, A., & Stutzki, J. (1990) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/168827 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Dynamics of gas near the Galactic Centre
Jenkins, A. R., & Binney, J. J. (1994) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/270.3.703 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
A far-infrared survey of the galactic center
Odenwald, S. F., & Fazio, G. G. (1984) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/162345 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
A molecular gas streamer feeding the Galactic Centre
Ho, P. T. P., Ho, L. C., Szczepanski, J. C., Jackson, J. M., Armstrong, J. T., & Barrett, A. H. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/350309a0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The temperature of molecular gas in the galactic center region
Morris, M., Polish, N., Zuckerman, B., & Kaifu, N. (1983) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/113413 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
A windswept cometary tail on the Galactic center supergiant IRS 7
Yusef-Zadeh, F., & Morris, M. (1991) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/186002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
Large-scale characteristics of the Galaxy
Clube, V. (1978) · Nature · doi:10.1038/274112b0 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Powerful Ejection of Matter from Tidally Disrupted Stars near Massive Black Holes and a Possible Application to Sagittarius A East
Khokhlov, A. M., & Melia, F. (1996) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/309895 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The compression of the M-0.02-0.07 molecular cloud by the Sagittarius A East shell source
Serabyn, E., Lacy, J. H., & Achtermann, J. M. (1992) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/171640 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citation
Multifrequency Radio Studies of G359.1-00.2
Gray, A. D., Nicholls, J., Ekers, R. D., & Cram, L. E. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/175949 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The spatial distribution and velocity field of the molecular hydrogen line emission from the centre of the Galaxy
Gatley, I., Jones, T. J., Hyland, A. R., Wade, R., Geballe, T. R., & Krisciunas, K. (1986) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/222.2.299 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
COMPTEL observations of Galactic ^26^Al emission.
Diehl, R., Dupraz, C., Bennett, K., Bloemen, H., Hermsen, W., Knödlseder, J., Lichti, G. G., Morris, D., Ryan, J. M., Schöenfelder, V., et al. (1995) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 62 · see citing works
HCN and CO in the Central 630 Parsecs of the Galaxy
Jackson, J. M., Heyer, M. H., Paglione, T. A. D., & Bolatto, A. D. (1996) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/309865 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Gas and Dust in the Inner Few Degrees of the Galaxy
Güsten, R. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2362-1_11 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Two New Wolf-Rayet Stars and a Luminous Blue Variable Star in the Quintuplet (AFGL 2004) Near the Galactic Center
Figer, D. F., McLean, I. S., & Morris, M. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/309551 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citation
Off-center nuclei in galaxies
Miller, R. H., & Smith, B. F. (1992) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/171523 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
High-resolution VLBA imaging of the radio source Sgr A* at the Galactic Centre
Lo, K. Y., Backer, D. C., Kellermann, K. I., Reid, M. J., Zhao, J., Goss, W. M., & Moran, J. M. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/362038a0 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Radial velocities of late-type stars in the galactic center
Sellgren, K., Hall, D. N. B., Kleinmann, S. G., & Scoville, N. Z. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/165338 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Signatures of bulge triaxiality from kinematics in Baade's window
Zhao, H. S., Spergel, D. N., & Rich, R. M. (1994) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 57 · see citing works
High-resolution forbidden NE II observations of the ionized filaments in the Galactic center
Serabyn, E., Lacy, J. H., Townes, C. H., & Bharat, R. (1988) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/166078 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citation
The magnetic fields in the galactic center: Detection of H1 Zeeman splitting
Plante, R., Lo, K. Y., & Crutcher, R. M. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/187902 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The bow shock structure of IRS 7 - Wind-wind collision near the Galactic center
Yusef-Zadeh, F., & Melia, F. (1992) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/186273 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
New structures near the compact radio source at the Galactic Centre
Yusef‐Zadeh, F., Morris, M., & Ekers, R. D. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/348045a0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citation
SiO Maser Survey of the Galactic Bulge IRAS Sources. III. Kinematics of the Bulge Stars
Izumiura, H., Deguchi, S., Hashimoto, O., Nakada, Y., Onaka, T., Ono, T., Ukita, N., & Yamamura, I. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/176445 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A model for the magnetic field in the molecular disk at the Galactic center
Wardle, M., & Königl, A. (1990) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/169249 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
10--30 Micron Maps of the Central 5 Parsecs of the Galaxy: Heating of the Cavity and Neutral Gas Disk
Telesco, C. M., Davidson, J. A., & Werner, M. W. (1996) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/176678 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Clump 2 - an inner spiral arm?
Stark, A. A., & Bania, T. M. (1986) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/184695 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Grain Alignment by Ambipolar Diffusion in Molecular Clouds
Roberge, W. G., Hanany, S., & Messinger, D. W. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/176383 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Zeeman measurements of the magnetic fields at the Galactic center
Killeen, N. E. B., Lo, K. Y., & Crutcher, R. M. (1992) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/170965 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Anisotropy in the angular broadening of Sagittarius A(*) at the galactic center
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Cotton, W. D., Wardle, M., Melia, F., & Roberts, D. A. (1994) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/187575 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Infrared spectropolarimetry of the Galactic Centre: magnetic alignment in the discrete sources
Aitken, D. K., Roche, P. F., Bailey, J., Briggs, G. P., Hough, J. H., & Tomsick, J. A. (1986) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/218.2.363 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A gaseous tail ablated from the supergiant IRS 7 near the Galactic center
Serabyn, E., Lacy, J. H., & Achtermann, J. M. (1991) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/170457 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
AFGL 5376: A strong, large-scale shock near the Galactic center
Uchida, K. I., Morris, M., Serabyn, E., & Bally, J. (1994) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/173667 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
Excitation of the [Fe iii] Bubble Surrounding the Galactic Center ``Mini-Cavity''
Lutz, D., Krabbe, A. C., & Genzel, R. (1993) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/173386 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Spectroscopy and further imaging of IRAS sources near the Galactic Centre
Moneti, A., Glass, I. S., & Moorwood, A. F. M. (1994) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/268.1.194 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
On the fate of Galactic Centre molecular clouds
Stark, A. A., Gerhard, O., Binney, J. J., & Bally, J. (1991) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/248.1.14p · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A magnetic loop model for structure and activity in the Galactic center
Heyvaerts, J. F., Norman, C. A., & Pudritz, R. E. (1988) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/166506 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
X-ray observations of the Galactic center by SPARTAN 1
Kawai, N., Fenimore, E. E., Middleditch, J., Cruddace, R. G., Fritz, G., Snyder, W. A., & Ulmer, M. P. (1988) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/166461 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Polarization of the Thermal Emission from the Dust Ring at the Center of the Galaxy
Hildebrand, R. H., Davidson, J. A., Dotson, J. L., Figer, D. F., Novak, G., Platt, S. R., & Tao, L. (1993) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/173336 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The northern extension of the radio arc near the Galactic center
Yusef-Zadeh, F., & Morris, M. (1988) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/166417 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citation
Infrared images and photometry of the cluster near G 0.15 - 0.05
Glass, I. S., Moneti, A., & Moorwood, A. F. M. (1990) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/242.1.55p · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Radio images of Sagittarius. I - Overview, Sagittarius D and Sagittarius E
Liszt, H. S. (1992) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/191727 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
CO (J = 2--1) Line Observations of the Galactic Center Molecular Cloud Complex. I. On-Plane Structure
Oka, T., Hasegawa, T., Handa, T., Hayashi, M., & Sakamoto, S. (1996) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/176973 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Flux Density of Sagittarius A at lambda = 3 Millimeters
Wright, M. C. H., & Backer, D. C. (1993) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/173335 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Sgr A East H II complex at Formula
Goss, W. M., Schwarz, U. J., van Gorkom, J. H., & Ekers, R. D. (1985) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/215.1.69p · Cited by 46 · see citing works
THE RADIO STRUCTURE OF SGR-A
Ekers, R. D., Vangorkom, J., Schwarz, U., & Goss, W. M. (1983) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Shocked molecular hydrogen emission from the centre of the Galaxy
Gatley, I., Jones, T. J., Hyland, A. R., Beattie, D. H., & Lee, T. J. (1984) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/210.3.565 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Polarimetric imaging of the Galactic center at 12.4 microns - The detailed magnetic field structure in the northern arm and the east-west bar
Aitken, D. K., Smith, C. H., Gezari, D. Y., McCaughrean, M. J., & Roche, P. F. (1991) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/170600 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Figure rotation and the mass of the galactic bulge
Blum, R. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/187867 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Far-infrared measurements of N/O in H II regions - Evidence for enhanced CN process nucleosynthesis in the inner Galaxy
Lester, D. F., Dinerstein, H. L., Werner, M. W., Watson, D. M., Genzel, R., & Storey, J. W. V. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/165575 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A Radio Continuum Survey of the Galactic Plane at 10 GHz
Handa, T., Sofue, Y., Nakai, N., Hirabayashi, H., & Inoue, M. (1987) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/39.5.709 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
HCO(+), H(C-13)N, and H(C-12)N aperture synthesis observations of the circumnuclear ring in the Galactic center
Marr, J. M., Wright, M. C. H., & Backer, D. C. (1993) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/172869 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The compact radio source at the galactic center
Reynolds, S. P., & McKee, C. F. (1980) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/158175 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Shape of the Bulge from Iras Miras
Whitelock, P. A., & Catchpole, R. M. (1992) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2813-1_5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sub-millimeter continuum emission from the Galactic center region
Dent, W. R. F., Matthews, H. E., Wade, R., & Duncan, W. J. (1993) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/172781 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Molecular gas within 2 deg of the Galactic center. I - Survey of (C-13)O emission
Heiligman, G. M. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/165102 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A filamentary radio source near the Galactic Centre
Gray, A. D., Cram, L. E., Ekers, R. D., & Goss, W. M. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/353237a0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
CO J = 3-2 observations of the neutral disk in Sagittarius A West
Sutton, E. C., Danchi, W. C., Jaminet, P. A., & Masson, C. R. (1990) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/168259 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Nebular properties and the ionizing radiation field in the galactic center
Shields, J. C., & Ferland, G. J. (1994) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/174398 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Polarization of the far-infrared emission from the thermal filaments of the Galactic center arc
Morris, M., Davidson, J. A., Werner, M. W., Dotson, J., Figer, D. F., Hildebrand, R. H., Novak, G., & Platt, S. (1992) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/186607 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
Infrared imaging spectroscopy of the Galactic center - Distribution and motions of the ionized gas
Herbst, T., Beckwith, S., Forrest, W. J., & PIPHER, J. L. (1993) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/116484 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Discovery of a possible Wolf-Rayet star at the galactic center
Blum, R., Sellgren, K., & DePoy, D. L. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/187750 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Molecular Clouds in the Galactic Nucleus
Scoville, N. Z., Solomon, P. M., & Jefferts, K. B. (1974) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/181397 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A survey of the 158 micron forbidden C II fine-structure line in the central 50 parsecs of the Galaxy
Poglitsch, A., Stacey, G. J., Geis, N., Haggerty, M. R., Jackson, J. M., Rumitz, M., Genzel, R., & Townes, C. H. (1991) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/186065 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
An electrodynamic model of the Galactic center
Benford, G. (1988) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/166782 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Spectra of Cosmic X-Ray Sources
Holt, S. S., & McCray, R. (1982) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.001543 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The First Mid-Infrared Detection of a Source Coincident with Sagittarius A*
Stolovy, S. R., Hayward, T. L., & Herter, T. (1996) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/310285 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Evidence for the interaction of the IRS 16 wind with the ionized and molecular gas at the Galactic center
Yusef-Zadeh, F., & Wardle, M. (1993) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/172389 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Upper Limit of 3.3 Astronomical Units to the Diameter of the Galactic Center Radio Source Sgr A *
Backer, D. C., Zensus, J. A., Kellermann, K. I., Reid, M. J., Moran, J. M., & Lo, K. Y. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.262.5138.1414 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Turbulence and the stability of molecular clouds
C., J. F. R. (1980) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/158533 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Coded-aperture imaging of the Galactic center region at gamma-ray energies
Cook, W. R., Grunsfeld, J. M., Heindl, W. A., Palmer, D. M., Prince, T. A., Schindler, S. M., & Stone, E. C. (1991) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/186027 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Simultaneous radio spectra of sources with strong millimeter components
Owen, F. N., Spanger, S. R., & Cotton, W. D. (1980) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/112683 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Two sources of diffuse X-ray emission from the Galactic Centre
Markevitch, Sunyaev, R., & Pavlinsky, M. N. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/364040a0 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The polarization of the far-infrared radiation from the Galactic center
Werner, M. W., Davidson, J. A., Morris, M., Novak, G., Platt, S. R., & Hildebrand, R. H. (1988) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/166781 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation
Submillimeter wavelength survey of the galactic plane from L = -5 deg to L = +62 deg - Structure and energetics of the inner disk
Hauser, M. G., Silverberg, R. F., Stier, M. T., Kelsall, T. J., Gezari, D. Y., Dwek, E., Walser, D., Mather, J. C., & Cheung, L. H. (1984) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/162479 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Origin of the hot gas and radio blobs at the Galactic Centre
Wardle, M., & Yusef-Zadeh, F. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/357308a0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Aperture synthesis mapping of CO (2-1) in IC 342
Turner, J. L., Hurt, R. L., & Hudson, D. (1993) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/186949 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
X-ray and gamma-ray emission of Sagittarius A* as a wind-accreting black hole
Mastichiadis, A., & Ozernoy, L. M. (1994) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/174096 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The magnetic field in the dust ring at the center of the Galaxy
Hildebrand, R. H., Gonatas, D. P., Platt, S. R., Wu, X., Davidson, J. A., Werner, M. W., Novak, G., & Morris, M. (1990) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/169248 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation
High-resolution surveys of the Sagittarius A molecular cloud complex in ammonia, carbon monoxide, and isocyanic acid
Armstrong, J. T., & Barrett, A. H. (1985) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/191014 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
HII Regions and Star Formation in the Galactic Center
Mezger, P. G., & Pauls, T. A. (1979) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-9503-1_66 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

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Galactic Winds
Veilleux, S., Cecil, G. N., & Bland‐Hawthorn, J. (2005) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.43.072103.150610 · Cited by 1,464 · see citing works
The Galactic Center massive black hole and nuclear star cluster
Genzel, R., Eisenhauer, F., & Gillessen, S. (2010) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.82.3121 · Cited by 1,236 · see citing works
GIANT GAMMA-RAY BUBBLES FROM FERMI-LAT: ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS ACTIVITY OR BIPOLAR GALACTIC WIND?
Su, M., Slatyer, T., & Finkbeiner, D. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/724/2/1044 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
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The most massive stars in the Arches cluster
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M32 ± 1
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Hot and Diffuse Clouds near the Galactic Center Probed by Metastable \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $\mathrm{H}\,^{+}_{3}$ \end{document}
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Authors: Morris, M., & Serabyn, E.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
California Institute of Technology (US)
ORCID: Morris, Mark
Serabyn, Eugene
Venue: Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 1996-09
Volume: 34
Issue: 1
Pages: 645-701
ISSN: 0066-4146 (ISSN-L)
1545-4282
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.645
OpenAlex: W2127604531
Cited by: 930
References: 344
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 1.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion)
CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Keywords: Galactic Center, interstellar medium, Central Molecular Zone, gas inflow, molecular gas, velocity dispersion, magnetic field, star formation, galactic winds, circumnuclear disk, Sgr A*, supermassive black holes

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THE GALACTIC CENTER ENVIRONMENT

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