THE MAJOR AND MINOR GALAXY MERGER RATES AT z < 1.5

Lotz, Jennifer M.; Jonsson, Patrik; Cox, T. J.; Croton, Darren; Primack, Joel R.; Somerville, Rachel S.; Stewart, Kyle

doi:10.1088/0004-637x/742/2/103

Cited by 450Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, PhenomenaStellar, planetary, and galactic studiesAstrophysics and Star Formation Studies

THE MAJOR AND MINOR GALAXY MERGER RATES AT z < 1.5

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Lotz, Jennifer M., Jonsson, Patrik, Cox, T. J., Croton, Darren, Primack, Joel R., Somerville, Rachel S., Stewart, Kyle·2011·The Astrophysical Journal

DOI 10.1088/0004-637x/742/2/103

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Abstract

Calculating the galaxy merger rate requires both a census of galaxies identified as merger candidates and a cosmologically averaged "observability" timescale 〈 T obs ( z )〉 for identifying galaxy mergers. While many have counted galaxy mergers using a variety of techniques, 〈 T obs ( z )〉 for these techniques have been poorly constrained. We address this problem by calibrating three merger rate estimators with a suite of hydrodynamic merger simulations and three galaxy formation models. We estimate 〈 T obs ( z )〉 for (1) close galaxy pairs with a range of projected separations, (2) the morphology indicator G − M 20 , and (3) the morphology indicator asymmetry A . Then, we apply these timescales to the observed merger fractions at z < 1.5 from the recent literature. When our physically motivated timescales are adopted, the observed galaxy merger rates become largely consistent. The remaining differences between the galaxy merger rates are explained by the differences in the ranges of the mass ratio measured by different techniques and differing parent galaxy selection. The major merger rate per unit comoving volume for samples selected with constant number density evolves much more strongly with redshift (∝(1 + z ) +3.0 ± 1.1 ) than samples selected with constant stellar mass or passively evolving luminosity (∝(1 + z ) +0.1 ± 0.4 ). We calculate the minor merger rate (1:4 < M sat / M primary ≲ 1:10) by subtracting the major merger rate from close pairs from the "total" merger rate determined by G − M 20 . The implied minor merger rate is ∼3 times the major merger rate at z ∼ 0.7 and shows little evolution with redshift.

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[110]110. Stewart, K. R. 2009, in ASP Conf. Ser. 419, Galaxy Evolution: Emerging Insights and Future Challenges, ed. S. Jogee, I.

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Authors: Lotz, J. M., Jonsson, P., Cox, T. J., Croton, D., Primack, J. R., Somerville, R. S., & Stewart, K.
Affiliations: Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (US)
Carnegie Observatories (US)
Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US)
Corresponding author: Lotz, Jennifer M.
ORCID: Lotz, Jennifer M.
Croton, Darren
Primack, Joel R.
Venue: The Astrophysical Journal
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Published: 2011-11-14
Volume: 742
Issue: 2
Pages: 103
ISSN: 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
1538-4357
DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/742/2/103
OpenAlex: W2104453758
Cited by: 450
References: 120
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 18.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders: U.S. Department of Energy
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
W. M. Keck Foundation
Johns Hopkins University
Australian Government
National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center
Office of Science
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Keywords: major mergers, minor mergers, high-redshift galaxies, close galaxy pairs, galaxy morphology, galaxy formation models, redshift evolution, mass ratio

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THE MAJOR AND MINOR GALAXY MERGER RATES AT z < 1.5

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