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Kepler-22b: A 2.4 EARTH-RADIUS PLANET IN THE HABITABLE ZONE OF A SUN-LIKE STAR
Open accessAbstract
A search of the time-series photometry from NASA's Kepler spacecraft reveals a transiting planet candidate orbiting the 11th magnitude G5 dwarf KIC 10593626 with a period of 290 days. The characteristics of the host star are well constrained by high-resolution spectroscopy combined with an asteroseismic analysis of the Kepler photometry, leading to an estimated mass and radius of 0.970 ± 0.060 M ☉ and 0.979 ± 0.020 R ☉ . The depth of 492 ± 10 ppm for the three observed transits yields a radius of 2.38 ± 0.13 Re for the planet. The system passes a battery of tests for false positives, including reconnaissance spectroscopy, high-resolution imaging, and centroid motion. A full BLENDER analysis provides further validation of the planet interpretation by showing that contamination of the target by an eclipsing system would rarely mimic the observed shape of the transits. The final validation of the planet is provided by 16 radial velocities (RVs) obtained with the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer on Keck I over a one-year span. Although the velocities do not lead to a reliable orbit and mass determination, they are able to constrain the mass to a 3σ upper limit of 124 M ⊕ , safely in the regime of planetary masses, thus earning the designation Kepler-22b. The radiative equilibrium temperature is 262 K for a planet in Kepler-22b's orbit. Although there is no evidence that Kepler-22b is a rocky planet, it is the first confirmed planet with a measured radius to orbit in the habitable zone of any star other than the Sun.
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“Kepler-22b, which was announced in December 2011, is in the habitable zone of a Sun-like star (Borucki et al., 2012).”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Borucki et al., 2012
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Self-citationKallinger, T., Beck, P. G., Hekker, S., Huber, D., Kuschnig, R., Rockenbauer, M., Winter, P. M., Weiss, W. W., Handler, G., Moffat, A. F. J., et al. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834514/pdf · Cited by 8
Self-citationClaudi, R., Bruno, G., Fossati, L., Lanza, A. F., Maggio, A., Micela, G., Maldonado, J., Benatti, S., Biazzo, K., Bignamini, A., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347079 · Cited by 7
Biswas, S., Shome, A., Raha, B., & Bhattacharya, A. B. (2016) · Indian Journal of Physics · doi:10.1007/s12648-016-0893-y · Cited by 7
Follow-up of non-transiting planets detected by Kepler
Lillo-Box, J., Millholland, S., & Laughlin, G. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140746 · Cited by 7
Dodson-Robinson, S. E. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/752/1/72 · Cited by 7
Scaling relations for width of the power excess of stellar oscillations
Kim, K.-B., & Chang, H. (2020) · New Astronomy · doi:10.1016/j.newast.2020.101522 · Cited by 6
Garai, Z., Zhou, G., Budaj, J., & Stellingwerf, R. F. (2014) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.201312126 · Cited by 6
Observational techniques to measure solar and stellar oscillations
García, R. A. (2015) · EAS Publications Series · doi:10.1051/eas/1573004 · Cited by 6
New numerical determination of habitability in the Galaxy: the SETI connection
Ramirez, R., Gómez-Muñoz, M. A., Vázquez, R., & Núñez, P. G. (2017) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550417000027 · Cited by 6
Validation and Initial Characterization of the Long-period Planet Kepler-1654 b
Beichman, C. A., Giles, H. A. C., Akeson, R., Ciardi, D. R., Christiansen, J. L., Isaacson, H. T., Marcy, G. M., Sinukoff, E., Greene, T. P., Fortney, J. J., et al. (2018) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 6
Self-citationOrCAS: Origins, Compositions, and Atmospheres of Sub-Neptunes. I. Survey Definition
Crossfield, I. J. M., Polanski, A. S., Robertson, P. M., Murphy, J. A., Turtelboom, E. V., Luque, R., Beatty, T. G., Daylan, T., Isaacson, H. T., Brande, J., et al. (2025) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad9aa6 · Cited by 5
Self-citationMeasurement of the sound velocity of shock compressed water
Shu, H., Li, J., Tu, Y., Ye, J., Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Tian, H., Jia, G., He, Z., Zhang, F., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84978-0 · Cited by 5
Self-citationConstraints on the Habitability of Extrasolar Moons
Heller, R., & Barnes, R. (2012) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921313012738 · Cited by 5
Freudenthal, J., von Essen, C., Ofir, A., Dreizler, S., Agol, E., Wedemeyer, S., Morris, B. M., Becker, A. C., Deeg, H. J., Hoyer, S., et al. (2019) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935879 · Cited by 4
Ge, J., Powell, S. L., Zhao, B., Városi, F., Ma, B., Sithajan, S., Liu, J., Li, R., Grieves, N., Schofield, S., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2056970 · Cited by 4
Dou, J., Ren, D., Zhang, X., Zhu, Y., Zhao, G., Wu, Z. Y., Chen, R., Liu, C., Yang, F., & Yang, C. (2014) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2055327 · Cited by 5
MEMS deformable mirror CubeSat testbed
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One of Everything: The Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog
Lacki, B. C., Brzycki, B., Croft, S., Czech, D. J., DeBoer, D. R., DeMarines, J., Gajjar, V., Isaacson, H. T., Lebofsky, M., MacMahon, D. H. E., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac168a · Cited by 8
Self-citationWavefront control in space with MEMS deformable mirrors
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Valle, G., Dell'Omodarme, M., Moroni, P. G. P., & Degl’Innocenti, S. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1405.7486 · Cited by 4
Habitability on Kepler Worlds: Are Moons Relevant?
Chela-Flores, J. (2013) · Cellular origin and life in extreme habitats · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6546-7_19 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Borucki, W. J., Koch, D. G., Batalha, N., Bryson, S. T., Rowe, J., Fressin, F., Torres, G., Caldwell, D. A., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Cochran, W. D., DeVore, E., Gautier, T. N., Geary, J. C., Gilliland, R., Gould, A., Howell, S. B., Jenkins, J. M., Latham, D. W., Lissauer, J. J., Marcy, G. W., Sasselov, D., Boss, A., Charbonneau, D., Ciardi, D., Kaltenegger, L., Doyle, L., Dupree, A. K., Ford, E. B., Fortney, J., Holman, M. J., Steffen, J. H., Mullally, F., Still, M., Tarter, J., Ballard, S., Buchhave, L. A., Carter, J., Christiansen, J. L., Demory, B.-O., Désert, J.-M., Dressing, C., Endl, M., Fabrycky, D., Fischer, D., Haas, M. R., Henze, C., Horch, E., Howard, A. W., Isaacson, H., Kjeldsen, H., Johnson, J. A., Klaus, T., Kolodziejczak, J., Barclay, T., Li, J., Meibom, S., Prsa, A., Quinn, S. N., Quintana, E. V., Robertson, P., Sherry, W., Shporer, A., Tenenbaum, P., Thompson, S. E., Twicken, J. D., Van Cleve, J., Welsh, W. F., Basu, S., Chaplin, W., Miglio, A., Kawaler, S. D., Arentoft, T., Stello, D., Metcalfe, T. S., Verner, G. A., Karoff, C., Lundkvist, M., Lund, M. N., Handberg, R., Elsworth, Y., Hekker, S., Huber, D., Bedding, T. R., & Rapin, W.
- Affiliations
- Ames Research Center (US)
- San Jose State University (US)
- Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (US)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- NSF NCAR High Altitude Observatory (US)
- McDonald Observatory (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE)
- University of Florida (US)
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Southern Connecticut State University (US)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Marshall Space Flight Center (US)
- Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (US)
- San Diego State University (US)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Iowa State University (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Centre National d'Études Spatiales (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Borucki, William J.
- Cochran, William D.
- Jenkins, Jon M.
- Lissauer, Jack J.
- Holman, Matthew J.
- Li, Jie
- Sherry, William
- Welsh, William F.
- Chaplin, William
- Rapin, William
- ORCID
- Borucki, William J.
- Koch, David G.
- Batalha, Natalie
- Rowe, Jason
- Torres, Guillermo
- Caldwell, Douglas A.
- Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jørgen
- Cochran, William D.
- Geary, John C.
- Gilliland, Ronald
- Howell, Steve B.
- Jenkins, Jon M.
- Latham, David W.
- Lissauer, Jack J.
- Marcy, Geoffrey W.
- Sasselov, Dimitar
- Boss, Alan
- Charbonneau, David
- Ciardi, David
- Kaltenegger, Lisa
- Dupree, Andrea K.
- Ford, Eric B.
- Fortney, Jonathan
- Holman, Matthew J.
- Steffen, Jason H.
- Ballard, Sarah
- Buchhave, Lars A.
- Christiansen, Jessie L.
- Demory, Brice-Olivier
- Désert, Jean-Michel
- Dressing, Courtney
- Endl, Michael
- Fabrycky, Daniel
- Fischer, Debra
- Haas, Michael R.
- Horch, Elliott
- Howard, Andrew W.
- Isaacson, Howard
- Kjeldsen, Hans
- Johnson, John Asher
- Kolodziejczak, Jeffery
- Barclay, Thomas
- Li, Jie
- Quinn, Samuel N.
- Quintana, Elisa V.
- Robertson, Paul
- Shporer, Avi
- Tenenbaum, Peter
- Twicken, Joseph D.
- Welsh, William F.
- Basu, Sarbani
- Chaplin, William
- Miglio, Andrea
- Kawaler, Steven D.
- Arentoft, Torben
- Stello, Dennis
- Karoff, Christoffer
- Lundkvist, Mia
- Lund, Mikkel N.
- Handberg, Rasmus
- Elsworth, Yvonne
- Hekker, Saskia
- Huber, Daniel
- Bedding, Timothy R.
- Rapin, William
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2012-01-06
- Volume
- 745
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 120
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2167538870
- Cited by
- 241
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 27.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Texas Digital Library (University of Texas)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- W. M. Keck Foundation
- California Institute of Technology
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Science Mission Directorate
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/J001163/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Keywords
- transiting exoplanets, habitable zone, G dwarf host star, planetary radius, asteroseismology, false positive tests, Blender, radiative equilibrium temperature
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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