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Kepler-22b: A 2.4 EARTH-RADIUS PLANET IN THE HABITABLE ZONE OF A SUN-LIKE STAR
Open accessAbstract
A search of the time-series photometry from NASA's Kepler spacecraft reveals a transiting planet candidate orbiting the 11th magnitude G5 dwarf KIC 10593626 with a period of 290 days. The characteristics of the host star are well constrained by high-resolution spectroscopy combined with an asteroseismic analysis of the Kepler photometry, leading to an estimated mass and radius of 0.970 ± 0.060 M ☉ and 0.979 ± 0.020 R ☉ . The depth of 492 ± 10 ppm for the three observed transits yields a radius of 2.38 ± 0.13 Re for the planet. The system passes a battery of tests for false positives, including reconnaissance spectroscopy, high-resolution imaging, and centroid motion. A full BLENDER analysis provides further validation of the planet interpretation by showing that contamination of the target by an eclipsing system would rarely mimic the observed shape of the transits. The final validation of the planet is provided by 16 radial velocities (RVs) obtained with the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer on Keck I over a one-year span. Although the velocities do not lead to a reliable orbit and mass determination, they are able to constrain the mass to a 3σ upper limit of 124 M ⊕ , safely in the regime of planetary masses, thus earning the designation Kepler-22b. The radiative equilibrium temperature is 262 K for a planet in Kepler-22b's orbit. Although there is no evidence that Kepler-22b is a rocky planet, it is the first confirmed planet with a measured radius to orbit in the habitable zone of any star other than the Sun.
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“Kepler-22b, which was announced in December 2011, is in the habitable zone of a Sun-like star (Borucki et al., 2012).”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Borucki et al., 2012
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Self-citationThe effects of stellar winds on the magnetospheres and potential habitability of exoplanets
See, V., Jardine, M., Vidotto, A. A., Petit, P. M., Marsden, S. C., Jeffers, S. V., & do Nascimento, J.-D. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424323 · Cited by 108
KEPLER-68: THREE PLANETS, ONE WITH A DENSITY BETWEEN THAT OF EARTH AND ICE GIANTS
Gilliland, R. L., Marcy, G. W., Rowe, J. F., Rogers, L. A., Torres, G., Fressin, F., Lopez, E., Buchhave, L. A., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Désert, J.-M., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/766/1/40 · Cited by 99
Self-citationSeismic constraints on rotation of Sun-like star and mass of exoplanet
Gizon, L., Ballot, J., Michel, E., Stahn, T., Vauclair, G., Bruntt, H., Quirion, P.-O., Benomar, O., Vauclair, S. D., Appourchaux, T. P., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1303291110 · Cited by 96
Self-citationOrigins of life: a problem for physics, a key issues review
Walker, S. I. (2017) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/aa7804 · Cited by 94
“This argument, combined with increasingly frequent discov eries of ‘Earthlike’ worlds [15, 16], has lead many astrobi ologists to be optimistic that life should be common in the universe.”
BackgroundImpact on asteroseismic analyses of regular gaps in Kepler dataPreprint
Bedding, T. R., Ceillier, T., Cortés, T. R., Salabert, D., & Stello, D. (2013) · Cited by 94
Self-citationThe HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets
Delfosse, X., Bonfils, X., Forveille, T., Udry, S., Mayor, M., Bouchy, F., Gillon, M., Lovis, C., Neves, V., Pepe, F. A., et al. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219013 · Cited by 93
Ford, E. B., Ragozzine, D., Rowe, J. F., Steffen, J. H., Barclay, T., Batalha, N. M., Borucki, W. J., Bryson, S. T., Caldwell, D. A., Fabrycky, D. C., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/756/2/185 · Cited by 91
Self-citationGJ 832c: A SUPER-EARTH IN THE HABITABLE ZONE
Wittenmyer, R. A., Tuomi, M., Butler, R. P., Jones, H. R. A., Anglada-Escudé, G., Horner, J., Tinney, C. G., Marshall, J. P., Carter, B., Bailey, J., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/791/2/114 · Cited by 90
Self-citationADAPTIVE OPTICS IMAGES. II. 12KEPLEROBJECTS OF INTEREST AND 15 CONFIRMED TRANSITING PLANETS
Adams, E. R., Dupree, A. K., Kulesa, C., & McCarthy, D. (2013) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/1/9 · Cited by 90
Self-citationAstrobiology and the Possibility of Life on Earth and Elsewhere…
Cottin, H., Kotler, J. M., Bartik, K., Cleaves, H. J., Cockell, C. S., Vera, J.-P. P. D., Ehrenfreund, P., Leuko, S., ten Kate, I. L., Martins, Z., et al. (2015) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-015-0196-1 · Cited by 96
CANDIDATE PLANETS IN THE HABITABLE ZONES OFKEPLERSTARS
Gaidos, E. J. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/770/2/90 · Cited by 85
OUTCOMES AND DURATION OF TIDAL EVOLUTION IN A STAR-PLANET-MOON SYSTEM
Sasaki, T., Barnes, J. W., & O'Brien, D. P. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/754/1/51 · Cited by 86
Kipping, D., Forgan, D. H., Hartman, J. D., David Nesvorný, A., Bakos, G. Á., Schmitt, A. R., & Buchhave, L. A. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/777/2/134 · Cited by 79
Self-citationON THE HABITABLE ZONES OF CIRCUMBINARY PLANETARY SYSTEMS
Kane, S. R., & Hinkel, N. R. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/762/1/7 · Cited by 79
THE HABITABLE ZONE OF EARTH-LIKE PLANETS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Vladilo, G., Murante, G., Silva, L., Provenzale, A., Ferri, G., & Ragazzini, G. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/767/1/65 · Cited by 85
Can the interior structure influence the habitability of a rocky planet?
Noack, L., Godolt, M., von Paris, P., Plesa, A., Stracke, B., Breuer, D., & Rauer, H. (2014) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2014.01.003 · Cited by 74
A SUPER-EARTH-SIZED PLANET ORBITING IN OR NEAR THE HABITABLE ZONE AROUND A SUN-LIKE STAR
Barclay, T., Burke, C. J., Howell, S. B., Rowe, J. F., Huber, D., Isaacson, H. T., Jenkins, J. M., Kolbl, R., Marcy, G. W., Quintana, E. V., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/768/2/101 · Cited by 78
Self-citationDésert, J.-M., Charbonneau, D., Torres, G., Fressin, F., Ballard, S. A., Bryson, S., Knutson, H. A., Batalha, N. M., Borucki, W. J., Brown, T. M., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/804/1/59 · Cited by 76
Self-citationComparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets
Mackwell, S., Simon-miller, A., Harder, J., & Bullock, M. (2013) · University of Arizona Press eBooks · doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816530595 · Cited by 100
FORMATION, TIDAL EVOLUTION, AND HABITABILITY OF THE KEPLER-186 SYSTEM
Bolmont, É., Raymond, S. N., von Paris, P., Selsis, F., Hersant, F., Quintana, E. V., & Barclay, T. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/793/1/3 · Cited by 70
Self-citationTransits and starspots in the WASP-6 planetary system
Tregloan-Reed, J., Southworth, J. H., Burgdorf, M. J., Novati, S. C., Dominik, M., Finet, F., Jørgensen, U. G., Maier, G., Mancini, L., Proft, S., et al. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv730 · Cited by 74
An independent planet search in the Kepler dataset
Ofir, A., Dreizler, S., Zechmeister, M., & Husser, T.-O. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220935 · Cited by 68
HOT METHANE LINE LISTS FOR EXOPLANET AND BROWN DWARF ATMOSPHERES
Hargreaves, R. J., Beale, C. A., Michaux, L., Irfan, M. O., & Bernath, P. F. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/757/1/46 · Cited by 67
Ballard, S., Chaplin, W. J., Charbonneau, D., Désert, J.-M., Fressin, F., Zeng, L., Werner, M. W., Davies, G. R., Aguirre, V. S., Basu, S., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/790/1/12 · Cited by 62
Self-citationOfir, A., & Dreizler, S. (2013) · GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219877 · Cited by 45
Circumstellar habitable zones of binary-star systems in the solar neighbourhood
Eggl, S., Pilat‐Lohinger, E., Funk, B., Georgakarakos, N., & Haghighipour, N. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sts257 · Cited by 62
Perryman, M. A. C. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511994852.011 · Cited by 71
Hedelt, P., von Paris, P., Godolt, M., Gebauer, S., Grenfell, J. L., Rauer, H., Schreier, F., Selsis, F., & Trautmann, T. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117723 · Cited by 59
Eisner, N. L., Barragán, O., Aigrain, S., Lintott, C. J., Miller, G., Zicher, N., Boyajian, T. S., Briceño, C. A., Bryant, E. M., Christiansen, J. L., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa138 · Cited by 58
Self-citationSOPHIE velocimetry ofKeplertransit candidates
Díaz, R. F., Montagnier, G., Leconte, J., Bonomo, A. S., Deleuil, M., Almenara, J. M., Barros, S. C. C., Bouchy, F., Bruno, G., Damiani, C., et al. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424406 · Cited by 49
PLANET HUNTERS: ASSESSING THEKEPLERINVENTORY OF SHORT-PERIOD PLANETS
Schwamb, M. E., Lintott, C. J., Fischer, D. A., Giguere, M., Lynn, S., Smith, A. M., Brewer, J. M., Parrish, M., Schawinski, K., & Simpson, R. J. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/754/2/129 · Cited by 53
Self-citationDETAILED ABUNDANCES OF STARS WITH SMALL PLANETS DISCOVERED BYKEPLER. I. THE FIRST SAMPLE
Schuler, S. C., Vaz, Z. A., Santrich, O. J. K., Cunha, K., Smith, V. V., King, J. R., Teske, J. K., Ghezzi, L., Howell, S. B., & Isaacson, H. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/815/1/5 · Cited by 56
Self-citationCampante, T. L., Chaplin, W. J., Lund, M. N., Huber, D., Hekker, S., García, R. A., Corsaro, E., Handberg, R., Miglio, A., Arentoft, T., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/783/2/123 · Cited by 56
Self-citationThe TESS-Keck Survey. XX. 15 New TESS Planets and a Uniform RV Analysis of All Survey Targets
Polanski, A. S., Lubin, J., Beard, C., Murphy, J. M. A., Rubenzahl, R. A., Hill, M. L., Crossfield, I. J. M., Chontos, A., Robertson, P. M., Isaacson, H. T., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ad4484 · Cited by 56
Self-citationMaciejewski, G., Dimitrov, D., Seeliger, M., Raetz, S., Bukowiecki, Ł., Kitze, M., Errmann, R., Nowak, G., Niedzielski, A., Popov, V. A., et al. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220739 · Cited by 55
The contribution of secondary eclipses as astrophysical false positives to exoplanet transit surveys
Santerne, A., Fressin, F., Díaz, R. F., Figueira, P., Almenara, J. M., & Santos, N. C. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321475 · Cited by 62
Self-citationConfusion limited surveys: usingWISEto quantify the rarity of warm dust aroundKeplerstars
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Metadata
- Authors
- Borucki, W. J., Koch, D. G., Batalha, N., Bryson, S. T., Rowe, J., Fressin, F., Torres, G., Caldwell, D. A., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Cochran, W. D., DeVore, E., Gautier, T. N., Geary, J. C., Gilliland, R., Gould, A., Howell, S. B., Jenkins, J. M., Latham, D. W., Lissauer, J. J., Marcy, G. W., Sasselov, D., Boss, A., Charbonneau, D., Ciardi, D., Kaltenegger, L., Doyle, L., Dupree, A. K., Ford, E. B., Fortney, J., Holman, M. J., Steffen, J. H., Mullally, F., Still, M., Tarter, J., Ballard, S., Buchhave, L. A., Carter, J., Christiansen, J. L., Demory, B.-O., Désert, J.-M., Dressing, C., Endl, M., Fabrycky, D., Fischer, D., Haas, M. R., Henze, C., Horch, E., Howard, A. W., Isaacson, H., Kjeldsen, H., Johnson, J. A., Klaus, T., Kolodziejczak, J., Barclay, T., Li, J., Meibom, S., Prsa, A., Quinn, S. N., Quintana, E. V., Robertson, P., Sherry, W., Shporer, A., Tenenbaum, P., Thompson, S. E., Twicken, J. D., Van Cleve, J., Welsh, W. F., Basu, S., Chaplin, W., Miglio, A., Kawaler, S. D., Arentoft, T., Stello, D., Metcalfe, T. S., Verner, G. A., Karoff, C., Lundkvist, M., Lund, M. N., Handberg, R., Elsworth, Y., Hekker, S., Huber, D., Bedding, T. R., & Rapin, W.
- Affiliations
- Ames Research Center (US)
- San Jose State University (US)
- Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (US)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- NSF NCAR High Altitude Observatory (US)
- McDonald Observatory (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE)
- University of Florida (US)
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Southern Connecticut State University (US)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Marshall Space Flight Center (US)
- Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (US)
- San Diego State University (US)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Iowa State University (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Centre National d'Études Spatiales (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Borucki, William J.
- Cochran, William D.
- Jenkins, Jon M.
- Lissauer, Jack J.
- Holman, Matthew J.
- Li, Jie
- Sherry, William
- Welsh, William F.
- Chaplin, William
- Rapin, William
- ORCID
- Borucki, William J.
- Koch, David G.
- Batalha, Natalie
- Rowe, Jason
- Torres, Guillermo
- Caldwell, Douglas A.
- Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jørgen
- Cochran, William D.
- Geary, John C.
- Gilliland, Ronald
- Howell, Steve B.
- Jenkins, Jon M.
- Latham, David W.
- Lissauer, Jack J.
- Marcy, Geoffrey W.
- Sasselov, Dimitar
- Boss, Alan
- Charbonneau, David
- Ciardi, David
- Kaltenegger, Lisa
- Dupree, Andrea K.
- Ford, Eric B.
- Fortney, Jonathan
- Holman, Matthew J.
- Steffen, Jason H.
- Ballard, Sarah
- Buchhave, Lars A.
- Christiansen, Jessie L.
- Demory, Brice-Olivier
- Désert, Jean-Michel
- Dressing, Courtney
- Endl, Michael
- Fabrycky, Daniel
- Fischer, Debra
- Haas, Michael R.
- Horch, Elliott
- Howard, Andrew W.
- Isaacson, Howard
- Kjeldsen, Hans
- Johnson, John Asher
- Kolodziejczak, Jeffery
- Barclay, Thomas
- Li, Jie
- Quinn, Samuel N.
- Quintana, Elisa V.
- Robertson, Paul
- Shporer, Avi
- Tenenbaum, Peter
- Twicken, Joseph D.
- Welsh, William F.
- Basu, Sarbani
- Chaplin, William
- Miglio, Andrea
- Kawaler, Steven D.
- Arentoft, Torben
- Stello, Dennis
- Karoff, Christoffer
- Lundkvist, Mia
- Lund, Mikkel N.
- Handberg, Rasmus
- Elsworth, Yvonne
- Hekker, Saskia
- Huber, Daniel
- Bedding, Timothy R.
- Rapin, William
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2012-01-06
- Volume
- 745
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 120
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2167538870
- Cited by
- 241
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 27.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Texas Digital Library (University of Texas)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- W. M. Keck Foundation
- California Institute of Technology
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Science Mission Directorate
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/J001163/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Keywords
- transiting exoplanets, habitable zone, G dwarf host star, planetary radius, asteroseismology, false positive tests, Blender, radiative equilibrium temperature
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