The DOI matches its Crossref record; 93 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
THE FERMI BUBBLES: SUPERSONIC ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS JETS WITH ANISOTROPIC COSMIC-RAY DIFFUSION
Open accessAbstract
The Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope reveals two large bubbles in the Galaxy, which extend nearly symmetrically ∼50° above and below the Galactic center. Using three-dimensional (3D) magnetohydrodynamic simulations that self-consistently include the dynamical interaction between cosmic rays (CRs) and thermal gas and anisotropic CR diffusion along the magnetic field lines, we show that the key characteristics of the observed gamma-ray bubbles and the spatially correlated X-ray features in the ROSAT 1.5 keV map can be successfully reproduced by recent jet activity from the central active galactic nucleus. We find that after taking into account the projection of the 3D bubbles onto the sky the physical heights of the bubbles can be much smaller than previously thought, greatly reducing the formation time of the bubbles to about a Myr. This relatively small bubble age is needed to reconcile the simulations with the upper limit of bubble ages estimated from the cooling time of high-energy electrons. No additional physical mechanisms are required to suppress large-scale hydrodynamic instabilities because the evolution time is too short for them to develop. The simulated CR bubbles are edge-brightened, which is consistent with the observed projected flat surface brightness distribution. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the sharp edges of the observed bubbles can be due to anisotropic CR diffusion along magnetic field lines that drape around the bubbles during their supersonic expansion, with suppressed perpendicular diffusion across the bubble surface. Possible causes of the slight bends of the Fermi bubbles to the west are also discussed.
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“The short cooling time of the CRe requires the age of the FBs, t fb ≲ t IC , cool ≈ 2 Myr (Guo & Mathews 2012; Guo et al. 2012; Yang et al. 2012).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Yang et al. 2012
In the citing paper
“Jet-driven bubbles have been simulated in the context of the FBs where the jet is injected for a short period of time ( ∼ 0 . 1 -0 . 5 Myr) with jet power, L jet ∼ (1 -3) × 10 44 erg s -1 i.e., 0 . 2 -0 . 5 L edd and total energy ∼ 10 57 erg (Guo et al. 2012; Guo & Mathews 2012; Yang et al. 2012, 2013; Yang & Ruszkowski 2017; Yang et al. 2022).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Yang et al. 2012
In the citing paper
“Additionally, the magnetic draping of the ambient magnetic fields can suppress such instabilities as well as CR diffusion across the bubbles, and thereby, maintain a smooth and sharp edge (Yang et al. 2012).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Yang et al. 2012
Citations
Cites
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“…extragalactic radio sources (e.g., Scheuer 1974; Blandford & Rees 1974) and CRfilled bubbles (e.g., Laing et al. 2006) observed in massive galaxies and galaxy clusters (McNamara & Nulsen 2007), though their gamma-ray emission cannot be easily detected due to limited sensitivity and resolution.”
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BackgroundGIANT GAMMA-RAY BUBBLES FROM FERMI-LAT: ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS ACTIVITY OR BIPOLAR GALACTIC WIND?
Su, M., Slatyer, T., & Finkbeiner, D. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/724/2/1044 · Cited by 756 · cited 13×
“100 GeV, the IC cooling time of ∼ 100 GeV electrons poses a stringent upper limit to the age of the bubbles to be at most a few million years old (Su et al. 2010).”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Theoretical Challenges in Galaxy Formation
Naab, T., & Ostriker, J. P. (2017) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040019 · Cited by 762
“In simulations following magnetic fields the diffusion is treated anisotropically with one or two orders of magnitude lower diffusion coefficients along the magnetic field lines (Hanasz et al. 2013, Pakmor et al. 2016, Yang et al. 2012).”
BackgroundScience with the Cherenkov Telescope ArrayPreprint
Acharya, B. S., Agudo, I., Samarai, I. A., Alfaro, R. J., Alfaro, J., Alispach, C. M., Batista, R. A., Amans, J.-P., Amato, E., Ambrosi, G., et al. (2017) · HAL · Cited by 546
Cool outflows in galaxies and their implications
Veilleux, S., Maiolino, R., Bolatto, A. D., & Aalto, S. (2020) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-019-0121-9 · Cited by 516
Two emission mechanisms in the Fermi Bubbles: A possible signal of annihilating dark matter
Hooper, D., & Slatyer, T. R. (2013) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2013.06.003 · Cited by 331
THE SPECTRUM AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE FERMI BUBBLES
Ackermann, M., Albert, A., Atwood, W. B., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bellazzini, R., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/793/1/64 · Cited by 328
“The formation of the bubbles can be modeled by emission of a jet from the black hole (Guo & Mathews 2012; Guo et al. 2012; Yang et al. 2012), a spherical outflow from the black hole (Zubovas et al. 2011), a wind from supernova explosions (Crocker & Aharonian 2011), or a sequence of shocks from…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Yang, H.-Y. K., Ruszkowski, M., Ricker, P. M., Zweibel, E., & Lee, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yang, H.-Y. K.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2012-12-06
- Volume
- 761
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 185
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2023693056
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 9
- FWCI
- 5.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (acceptedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
- Keywords
- Fermi bubbles, magnetohydrodynamic simulations, Galactic Center
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