THE VARIABLE SKY OF DEEP SYNOPTIC SURVEYS
Open accessAbstract
The discovery of variable and transient sources is an essential product of synoptic surveys. The alert stream will require filtering for personalized criteria—a process managed by a functionality commonly described as a Broker. In order to understand quantitatively the magnitude of the alert generation and Broker tasks, we have undertaken an analysis of the most numerous types of variable targets in the sky—Galactic stars, quasi-stellar objects (QSOs), active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and asteroids. It is found that the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will be capable of discovering ∼10 5 high latitude (| b | > 20°) variable stars per night at the beginning of the survey. (The corresponding number for | b | < 20° is orders of magnitude larger, but subject to caveats concerning extinction and crowding.) However, the number of new discoveries may well drop below 100 per night within less than one year. The same analysis applied to GAIA clarifies the complementarity of the GAIA and LSST surveys. Discovery of AGNs and QSOs are each predicted to begin at ∼3000 per night and decrease by 50 times over four years. Supernovae are expected at ∼1100 per night, and after several survey years will dominate the new variable discovery rate. LSST asteroid discoveries will start at >10 5 per night, and if orbital determination has a 50% success rate per epoch, they will drop below 1000 per night within two years.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Alerts to such events will be published within 60 s of observation; several million alerts per night are expected.
“The alerts to such events will be published within 60 s of observation; we expect several million alerts per night ( Ridgway et al. 2014 ) .”
From LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products (2019) · cites this paper as Ridgway et al. 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Log-normal distributions across the sciences: keys and clues
LIMPERT, E., STAHEL, W. A., & ABBT, M. (2001) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0341:lndats]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 2,621 · see citing works
The 2.5 m Telescope of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Gunn, J. E., Siegmund, W. A., Mannery, E. J., Owen, R. E., Hull, C. L., Leger, R. F., Carey, L. N., Knapp, G. R., York, D. G., Boroski, W. N., et al. (2006) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/500975 · Cited by 2,373 · see citing works
A synthetic view on structure and evolution of the Milky Way
Robin, A. C., Reylé, C., Derrière, S., & Picaud, S. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031117 · Cited by 2,040 · see citing works
FIRST RESULTS FROM THE CATALINA REAL-TIME TRANSIENT SURVEY
Drake, A. J., Djorgovski, S. G., Mahabal, A., Beshore, E., Larson, S., Graham, M. J., Williams, R., Christensen, E., Catelan, M., Boattini, A., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/696/1/870 · Cited by 1,318 · see citing works
GAIA: Composition, formation and evolution of the Galaxy
Perryman, M. A. C., de Boer, K. S., Gilmore, G. F., Høg, E., Lattanzi, M. G., Lindegren, L., Luri, X., Mignard, F., Pace, O., & de Zeeuw, P. T. (2001) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010085 · Cited by 1,103 · see citing works
An Observational Determination of the Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function
Hopkins, P. F., Richards, G. T., & Hernquist, L. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/509629 · Cited by 1,100 · see citing works
Jordi, C., Gebran, M., Carrasco, J. M., de Bruijne, J. H. J., Voss, H., Fabricius, C., Knude, J., Vallenari, A., Kohley, R., & Mora, A. (2010) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015441 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
KEPLERECLIPSING BINARY STARS. II. 2165 ECLIPSING BINARIES IN THE SECOND DATA RELEASE
Slawson, R. W., Prša, A., Welsh, W. F., Orosz, J. A., Rucker, M., Batalha, N. M., Doyle, L. R., Engle, S. G., Conroy, K. E., Coughlin, J. W., et al. (2011) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/5/160 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Self-citationStellar Multiplicity and the Initial Mass Function: Most Stars Are Single
Lada, C. J. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/503158 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
SELECTION, PRIORITIZATION, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF KEPLER TARGET STARS
Batalha, N. M., Borucki, W. J., Koch, D., Bryson, S., Haas, M. R., Brown, T. M., Caldwell, D. A., Hall, J. R., Gilliland, R. L., Latham, D. W., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/713/2/l109 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
A DESCRIPTION OF QUASAR VARIABILITY MEASURED USING REPEATED SDSS AND POSS IMAGING
MacLeod, C. L., Ivezić, Ž., Sesar, B., VRIES, W. D., Kochanek, C. S., Kelly, B. C., Becker, A. C., Lupton, R. H., Hall, P. B., Richards, G. T., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/753/2/106 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
An Exploration of the Paradigm for the 2–3 Hour Period Gap in Cataclysmic Variables
Howell, S. B., Nelson, L. A., & Rappaport, S. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/319776 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Self-citationWHITE-LIGHT FLARES ON COOL STARS IN THEKEPLERQUARTER 1 DATA
Walkowicz, L. M., Basri, G., Batalha, N. M., Gilliland, R. L., Jenkins, J., Borucki, W. J., Koch, D., Caldwell, D. A., Dupree, A. K., Latham, D. W., et al. (2011) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/2/50 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationGalaxy number counts -- V. Ultradeep counts: the Herschel and Hubble Deep Fields
Metcalfe, N., Shanks, T., Campos, A., McCracken, H. J., & Fong, R. (2001) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04168.x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
CHARACTERIZING THE VARIABILITY OF STARS WITH EARLY-RELEASEKEPLERDATA
Ciardi, D. R., von Braun, K., Bryden, G., van Eyken, J. C., Howell, S. B., Kane, S. R., Plavchan, P. P., Ramírez, S. V., & Stauffer, J. R. (2011) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/4/108 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationAutomating Discovery and Classification of Transients and Variable Stars in the Synoptic Survey Era
Bloom, J. S., Richards, J. W., Nugent, P. E., Quimby, R. M., Kasliwal, M. M., Starr, D. L., Poznanski, D., Ofek, E. O., Cenko, S. B., Butler, N., et al. (2012) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/668468 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Mann, A. W., Gaidos, E. J., Lépine, S., & Hilton, E. J. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/753/1/90 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
M DWARFS IN SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY STRIPE 82: PHOTOMETRIC LIGHT CURVES AND FLARE RATE ANALYSIS
Kowalski, A. F., Hawley, S. L., Hilton, E. J., Becker, A. C., West, A. A., Bochanski, J. J., & Sesar, B. (2009) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/2/633 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
On the existence of low-luminosity cataclysmic variables beyond the orbital period minimum
Howell, S. B., Rappaport, S., & Politano, M. (1997) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/287.4.929 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationPalanque‐Delabrouille, N., Magneville, C., Yèche, C., Eftekharzadeh, S., Myers, A. D., Petitjean, P., Pâris, I., Aubourg, É., McGreer, I. D., Fan, X., et al. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220379 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Richards, J., Starr, D., Miller, A., Bloom, J., Butler, N., Brink, H., & Crellin-Quick, A. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/203/2/32 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
A Search for Variable Stars and Planetary Occultations in NGC 2301. I. Techniques
Tonry, J. L., Howell, S. B., Everett, M. E., Rodney, S., Willman, M., & VanOutryve, C. (2005) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/428596 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationA NEW METHOD TO CONSTRAIN SUPERNOVA FRACTIONS USING X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES
Bulbul, E., Smith, R. K., & Loewenstein, M. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/753/1/54 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Faint Sky Variability Survey -- I. Goals and data reduction process
Groot, P., Vreeswijk, P. M., Huber, M. E., Everett, M. E., Howell, S. B., Nelemans, G., van Paradijs, J., van den Heuvel, E. P. J., Augusteijn, T., Erik Kuulkers, A., et al. (2003) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06182.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationSPECTROSCOPY OF NEW AND POORLY KNOWN CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES IN THE KEPLER FIELD
Howell, S. B., Everett, M. E., Seebode, S. A., Szkody, P., Still, M. D., Wood, M., Ramsay, G., Cannizzo, J., & Smale, A. P. (2013) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/4/109 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationA multiwavelength survey of AGN in massive clusters: AGN detection and cluster AGN fraction
Klesman, A. J., & Sarajedini, V. L. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21508.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Color and Variability Characteristics of Point Sources in the Faint Sky Variability Survey
Huber, M. E., Everett, M. E., & Howell, S. B. (2006) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/505300 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationStellar Variability in a Survey of Field Stars
Everett, M. E., Howell, S. B., van Belle, G., & Ciardi, D. R. (2002) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/341682 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationSOLAR FLARE DYNAMICS OBTAINED BY X-RAY OBSERVATIONS
Porfir’eva, G. A., & Yakunina, G. V. (2003) · Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions · doi:10.1080/1055679031000098529 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Eyer, L., & Cuypers, J. 2000, in ASP Conf. Ser. 203, The Impact of Large- Scale Surveys on Pulsating Star Research, ed. L. Szabados & D. Kurtz (San Francisco, CA: ASP), 71
- Hilton, E. J., Hawley, S. L., Kowalski, A. F., & Holtzman, J. 2011, in ASP Conf. Ser. 448, 16th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, ed. C. Johns-Krull (San Francisco, CA: ASP), 197
- Limpert, E., Stahel, W. A., & Abbt, M. 2001, BioSci, 51, 341 LSST Science Collaboration 2011, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) Science Requirements Document (LPM-17) (Tucson, AZ: LSST), http://www.lsst.org/files/docs/SRD.pdf · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products
Ivezić, Ž., Kahn, S. M., Tyson, J. A., Abel, B., Acosta, E., Allsman, R., Alonso, D., AlSayyad, Y., Anderson, S. F., Andrew, J., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c · Cited by 4,357 · see citing works
A recurrent neural network for classification of unevenly sampled variable stars
Naul, B., Bloom, J. S., Pérez, F., & van der Walt, S. (2017) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0321-z · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Machine-learning-based Brokers for Real-time Classification of the LSST Alert Stream
Narayan, G., Zaidi, T., Soraisam, M., Wang, Z., Lochner, M., Matheson, T., Saha, A., Yang, S., Zhao, Z., Kececioglu, J., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aab781 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationA recurrent neural network for classification of unevenly sampled variable stars
Naul, B., Bloom, J. S., Pérez, F., & van der Walt, S. (2018) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The LSST DESC DC2 Simulated Sky Survey
Abolfathi, B., Alonso, D., Armstrong, R., Aubourg, É., Awan, H., Babuji, Y. N., Bauer, F. E., Bean, R., Beckett, G., Biswas, R., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/abd62c · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The ANTARES Astronomical Time-domain Event Broker
Matheson, T., Stubens, C., Wolf, N., Lee, C., Narayan, G., Saha, A., Scott, A., Soraisam, M., Bolton, A. S., Hauger, B., et al. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abd703 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationTransients from ONe white dwarf – neutron star/black hole mergers
Bobrick, A., Zenati, Y., Perets, H. B., Davies, M. B., & Church, R. P. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3574 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A transient search using combined human and machine classifications
Wright, D., Lintott, C. J., Smartt, S. J., Smith, K., Fortson, L., Trouille, L. E., Allen, C., Beck, M., Bouslog, M. C., Boyer, A., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1812 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Setzer, C. N., Biswas, R., Peiris, H. V., Rosswog, S., Oleg Korobkin, A., & Wollaeger, R. T. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz506 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Sánchez, B., Kessler, R., Scolnic, D. M., Armstrong, R., Biswas, R., Bogart, J. R., Chiang, J., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Fouchez, D., Gris, P., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7a37 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
First Data Release of the All-sky NOAO Source Catalog
Nidever, D. L., Dey, A., Olsen, K., Ridgway, S. T., Nikutta, R., Juneau, S., Fitzpatrick, M., Scott, A., & Valdes, F. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aad68f · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationVaST: A variability search toolkit
Sokolovsky, K. V., & Lebedev, A. A. (2017) · Astronomy and Computing · doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2017.12.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
ANTARES: progress towards building a 'broker' of time-domain alerts
Saha, A., Wang, Z., Matheson, T., Narayan, G., Snodgrass, R. T., Kececioglu, J. D., Scheidegger, C., Axelrod, T. S., Jenness, T., Ridgway, S. T., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2232095 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationGive Me a Few Hours: Exploring Short Timescales in Rubin Observatory Cadence Simulations
Bellm, E. C., Burke, C. J., Coughlin, M. W., Andreoni, I., Raiteri, C. M., & Bonito, R. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac4602 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Paving the way to simultaneous multi-wavelength astronomy
Middleton, M. J., Casella, P., Gandhi, P., Bozzo, E., Anderson, G. E., Degenaar, N., Donnarumma, I., Israel, G. L., Knigge, C., Lohfink, A. M., et al. (2017) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2017.07.002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Synergies of THESEUS with the large facilities of the 2030s and guest observer opportunities
Rosati, P., Basa, S., Blain, A. W., Bozzo, E., Branchesi, M., Christensen, L., Ferrara, A., Gomboc, A., O'Brien, P. T., Osborne, J. P., et al. (2021) · Experimental Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10686-021-09764-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Everything we’d like to do with LSST data, but we don’t know (yet) how
Ivezić, Ž., Connolly, A. J., & Jurić, M. (2016) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921316013156 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
RoboTAP: Target priorities for robotic microlensing observations
Hundertmark, M., Street, R. A., Tsapras, Y., Bachelet, E., Dominik, M., Horne, K., Bozza, V., Bramich, D. M., Cassan, A., D’Ago, G., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730692 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
RoboTAP: Target priorities for robotic microlensing observations
Hundertmark, M., Street, R. A., Tsapras, Y., Bachelet, E., Dominik, M., Horne, K., Bozza, V., Bramich, D. M., Cassan, A., D’Ago, G., et al. (2018) · Open Research Online (The Open University) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730692/pdf · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Multiplexing lobster-eye optics: a concept for wide-field x-ray monitoring
Tamagawa, T., Uchiyama, K., Otsubo, R., Yuasa, T., Zhou, Y., Mihara, T., Ezoe, Y., Numazawa, M., Ishi, D., Fukushima, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems · doi:10.1117/1.jatis.6.2.025003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chimenea and other tools: Automated imaging of multi-epoch radio-synthesis data with CASA
Staley, T. D., & Anderson, G. E. (2015) · Astronomy and Computing · doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2015.08.003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Detecting Long-period Variability in the SDSS Stripe 82 Standards Catalog
Fatović, M., Palaversa, L., Tisanić, K., Thanjavur, K., Ivezić, Ž., Kovačević, A. B., Ilić, D., & Popović, L. Č. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acb596 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Shin, M., Chang, S.-W., Yi, H., Kim, D.-W., Kim, M., & Byun, Y. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aae263 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Multiscale Stamps for Real-time Classification of Alert Streams
Reyes, I., Förster, F., Muñoz-Arancibia, A., Cabrera-Vives, G., Bayo, A., Bauer, F. E., Arredondo, J., Reyes, E., Pignata, G., Mourão, A. M., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ace77e · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Testing the LSST Difference Image Analysis Pipeline Using Synthetic Source Injection Analysis
Liu, S., Wood‐Vasey, W. M., Armstrong, R., Narayan, G., & Sánchez, B. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad3635 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
SOAR telescope operation in the LSST era: real-time follow-up on large scales
Elias, J. H., & Briceño, C. A. (2016) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2233080 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The SOAR Telescope as a node in a time domain followup-network: concepts and plans
Elias, J. H., Briceño, C. A., Cantarutti, R. E., Saunders, E. S., Miller, B. W., Ridgway, S. T., Boroson, T. A., Bowman, M. K., & Street, R. A. (2018) · Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems · doi:10.1117/12.2314133 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationAAS2RTO: Automated Alert Streams to Real-Time Observations
Sedgewick, A., Gall, C., Izzo, L., Agnello, A., Angus, C. R., Hjorth, J., & Kadela, A. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452099 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ivezić, Ž. (2016) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.44697
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Town Hall
Willman, B. (2016) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.44768
The Lsst Data Processing Software Stack
Jenness, T. (2016) · American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #227 · doi:10.5281/zenodo.44634
ANTARES: Time-Domain Discovery in the Era of LSST
Soraisam, M., & Matheson, T. (2017) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921318002478
Self-citationDiscovering Cataclysmic Variables from the Rubin Observatory LSST
Buckley, D. A. H., Tampo, Y., Szkody, P., Motsoaledi, M., Scaringi, S., Lochner, M., Rawat, N., Marais, J. P., Soelen, B. V., Macfarlane, S. A., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ae061b
- Authors
- Ridgway, S. T., Matheson, T., Mighell, K. J., Olsen, K. A., & Howell, S. B.
- Affiliations
- Ames Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ridgway, Stephen T.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2014-11-05
- Volume
- 796
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2053631052
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
- Keywords
- variable stars, transient discovery, synoptic surveys, LSST, Gaia, active galactic nuclei, quasars, asteroids, supernovae, discovery rate, galactic latitude, orbit determination
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
