Uncertainty of a frequency comparison with distributed dead time and measurement interval offset
Open accessAbstract
A theory is presented for estimating the uncertainty of a frequency comparison in the presence of distributed dead time or measurement interval offset using an extension of the method of Douglas and Boulanger (1997 Proc. 11th European Frequency and Time Forum pp 345–9). The uncertainties due to the distributed dead time and lumped dead time with mixed power law noise type are calculated and compared. It is shown that the use of distributed measurements of frequencies can greatly reduce the uncertainty as compared with that of lumped measurements. When a measurement interval offset is present, two different methods are possible for the frequency estimation and uncertainty evaluation. We compare and discuss the different results for the different methods.
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At INRIM, the redshift is calculated from a gravitational potential difference measured with a global navigation satellite system/geoid approach from the geoid model of Europe EGG2015, with an uncertainty of 3 × 10^-18 corresponding to about 3 cm in height.
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References 8 · Cited by 44
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Douglas R J and Boulanger J-S 1997 Standard uncertainty for average frequency traceability Proc. 11th European Frequency and Time Forum (Neuchâtel, Switzerland) pp 345-9
- Azoubib J, Granveaud M and Guinot B 1977 Estimation of the scale unit duration of time scale Metrologia 13 87-93 · DOI
- Douglas R J and Boulanger J-S 1992 Local oscillator requirements for timekeeping in the 10 -14 τ -1/2 era Proc. 1992 IEEE Int. Frequency Control Symp. (Hershey, PA) pp 6-26
- Douglas R J, Boulanger J-S and Jacques C 1993 Accuracy metrics for judging time scale algorithms Proc. 25th Precise Time and Time Interval Meeting (Marina Del Ray, CA) pp 249-66 Metrologia, 44 (2007) 91-96
- Morris D, Douglas R J and Boulanger J-S 1994 The role of the hydrogen maser frequency transfer from cesium fountains Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 33 1659-68 · DOI
- Douglas R J and Boulanger J-S 1994 Frequency control of hydrogen masers using high accuracy calibration Proc. 1994 IEEE Int. Frequency Control Symp. (Boston, MA) pp 695-708
- Douglas R J and Boulanger J-S 1994 Mettafitting: weight optimization for least-square fitting of PTTI data Proc. 26th Precise Time and Time Interval Meeting (Reston, VA) pp 347-60
- Parker T E, Howe D A and Weiss M 1998 Accurate frequency comparison at the 1 × 10 -15 level Proc. 1998 IEEE Int. Frequency Control Symp. (Pasadena, CA) pp 265-72
- Kasdin N J and Walter T 1992 Discrete simulation of power law noise Proc. 1992 IEEE Int. Frequency Control Symp. (Hershey, PA) pp 274-83
- Greenhall C A 2002 FFT-based method for simulating flicker FM Proc. 34th Precise Time and Time Interval Meeting (Reston, VA) pp 481-9
- Authors
- Yu, D.-H., Weiss, M., & Parker, T. E.
- Affiliations
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KR)
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- Venue
- Metrologia
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 91-96
- ISSN
- 0026-1394 (ISSN-L)
- 1681-7575
- OpenAlex
- W2098371052
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Metrologia (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques
- Keywords
- frequency comparison, measurement uncertainty, power-law noise, frequency estimation, frequency metrology
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