The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Comparison of cardiac-induced endogenous fields and power frequency induced exogenous fields in an anatomical model of the human body
Open accessAbstract
Time-domain potentials measured at 64 points on the surface of a large canine heart, considered comparable with those of a human heart, were used to calculate the electric fields and current densities within various organs of the human body. A heterogeneous volume conductor model of an adult male with a resolution of approximately 6 mm3 and 30 segmented tissue types was used along with the admittance method and successive over-relaxation to calculate the voltage distribution throughout the torso and head as a function of time. From this time-domain voltage description, values of [E(t)] and [J(t)] were obtained, allowing for maximum values to be found within the given tissues of interest. Frequency analysis was then used to solve for [E(f)] and [J(f)] in the various organs, so that average, minimum and maximum values within specific bandwidths (0-40, 40-70 and 70-100 Hz) could be analysed. A comparison was made between the computed results and measured data from both EKG waveforms and isopotential surface maps for validation, with good agreement in both amplitude and shape between the computed and measured results. These computed endogenous fields were then compared with exogenous fields induced in the body from a 60 Hz high-voltage power line and a 60 Hz uniform magnetic field of 1 mT directed from the front to the back of the body. The high-voltage power line EMFs and 1 mT magnetic field were used as 'bench' marks for comparison with several safety guidelines for power frequency (50/60 Hz) EMF exposures. The endogenous electric fields and current densities in most of the tissues (except for organs in close proximity to the heart, for example lungs, liver, etc) in the frequency band 40-70 Hz were found to be considerably smaller, between 5% and 10%, than those induced in the human body by the electric and magnetic fields generated by the 60 Hz sources described above.
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“Field strength is ~1 nT near the myocardium, ~0.1 nT at the body surface, and 10–100 pT a few centimeters above the chest—much weaker than the Earth’s field but far stronger than cortical sources [Figure 1] [20,21,22,23,25,26,27].”
From The Heart’s Electromagnetic Field in Emotions, Empathy and Human Connection: Biosensor-Derived Insights into Heart–Brain Axis Mechanisms and a Basis for Novel BioMagnetoTherapies (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Its EMF is generated throughout the cardiac cycle and is mainly attributed to transmembrane Na+, K+, and Ca2+ fluxes during depolarization and repolarization, generating time-varying magnetic signals, detectable by sensitive biosensors, in line with Maxwell’s equations [Figure 1] [22,23,24,25,26].”
From The Heart’s Electromagnetic Field in Emotions, Empathy and Human Connection: Biosensor-Derived Insights into Heart–Brain Axis Mechanisms and a Basis for Novel BioMagnetoTherapies (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lung tissue, due to its high electrical resistivity (~2000 Ω·cm) compared to ventricular muscle (~400 Ω·cm) and blood (~160 Ω·cm), impedes radial EMFs and favors tangential currents [22,27].”
From The Heart’s Electromagnetic Field in Emotions, Empathy and Human Connection: Biosensor-Derived Insights into Heart–Brain Axis Mechanisms and a Basis for Novel BioMagnetoTherapies (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
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“The heart is the body’s largest bioelectrical source, producing stronger surface potentials than nerves or skeletal muscle [20,21,22].”
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In the citing paper
“Field strength is ~1 nT near the myocardium, ~0.1 nT at the body surface, and 10–100 pT a few centimeters above the chest—much weaker than the Earth’s field but far stronger than cortical sources [Figure 1] [20,21,22,23,25,26,27].”
From The Heart’s Electromagnetic Field in Emotions, Empathy and Human Connection: Biosensor-Derived Insights into Heart–Brain Axis Mechanisms and a Basis for Novel BioMagnetoTherapies (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
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Citations
Cites
Report of the task group on reference man
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Cited by
Cardiac torsion and electromagnetic fields: The cardiac bioinformation hypothesis
Burleson, K. O., & Schwartz, G. E. (2005) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2004.12.023 · Cited by 16
Palantzas, A., & Anagnostouli, M. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26051738 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Hart, R. A., & Gandhi, O. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Utah (US)
- ORCID
- Gandhi, Om P
- Venue
- Physics in Medicine and Biology
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 1998-10-01
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3083-3099
- ISSN
- 0031-9155 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6560
- OpenAlex
- W2045662093
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 2.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physics in Medicine and Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9215274)
- U.S. Department of Energy
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electromagnetic Simulation and Numerical Methods
- Keywords
- cardiac electric field, endogenous electric fields, power frequency electromagnetic fields, 60 Hz magnetic fields, current density distribution, human body model, volume conductor model, ECG validation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Brain, Dogs, Electric Conductivity, Electrocardiography, Electromagnetic Fields, Heart, Humans, Liver, Male, Models, Anatomic, Guidelines as Topic
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