The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 9 of the 24 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Various phenomena on a water vortex in a cylindrical tank over a rotating bottom
Open accessAbstract
Flows in a cylindrical tank over a rotating bottom are investigated by laboratory experiments. Despite the axisymmetry of the experimental setup, various anisotropic phenomena are observed. The slow rotation of the bottom disk induces a circular flow according to the axisymmetric environment, but polygonal vortices form under faster rotation. Between these two vortex flow states, the flow undergoes a transition with clear hysteresis during which the elliptical shape assumed under faster rotation is retained when the rotation is subsequently slowed to rates that previously supported axisymmetric flow. Sloshing is also observed; here, a calm circular flow state alternates with an oscillation of the water surface along the sidewall of the container. A phase diagram showing the phenomena observed under different combinations of the initial water depth at rest and the rotation rate of the bottom disk is developed following thorough experimental testing over a wide range of parameter values. The features of the dependences of the range for each phenomenon to occur on these parameters are also elucidated.
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Claims the paper makes
37 Own result · 9 No full text of the sources · 8 Own interpretation · 8 No basis given · 5 Supported · 3 Sources not found · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“Their results appear slightly shifted such that the polygonal vortices with more corners appeared for the same combination of the non-dimensional parameters: polygonal vortices with fewer corners observed in the other works.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > Jansson
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Jansson et al (2006) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, similar experiments by Tasaka and Iima (2009) using the same apparatus resulted in some hysteresis during the transition between the axisymmetric state and the switching state.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Tasaka and Iima (2009) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Conclusions report hysteresis in turbulent intensity as the Reynolds number changes, with the surface-switching region adjacent to the overlapping branches. But §3, “Experimental set-up,” says the apparatus was modified from Suzuki et al.’s, not the same; §4 also says no surface switching was observed in one hysteretic branch. The claim therefore captures the hysteresis finding but misstates the apparatus and locates the hysteresis too directly in the switching transition. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Our observation of polygonal vortices at H = 3-10 cm is consistent with the results of Vatistas (1990), Vatistas et al (2008), andJansson et al (2006) and we observed a similar regime of transitions to those found in these studies.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 4. Comparison of the constructed phase diagram with previous studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vatistas (1990) source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vatistas et al (2008) source
- Supportedcites Jansson et al (2006) source
Jansson et al. report polygonal free-surface states and a phase diagram in which changing fluid height or rotation frequency changes the number of corners (Abstract, phase-diagram passages; page not given). They also report vortices near polygon corners (Abstract; page not given). The H = 3–10 cm range describes the citing authors’ own observation, not a measurement attributed specifically to Jansson et al. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relatively slow rotation of the bottom plate induced a simple axisymmetric flow, whereby the whole fluid rotated uniformly with a depression at the center of the surface (figure 2(a)).”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.1. Almost circular axisymmetric flow
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the flow showed generally axisymmetric features, some cases exhibited minute oscillations superimposed on this almost steady flow.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.1. Almost circular axisymmetric flow
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the transition between an axisymmetric circular vortex and an elliptic vortex without axisymmetry behaved in a different manner to the other transitions between the polygons.This transition showed clear hysteresis, and there was a range of ω in which the shapes of the vortex depended on whether ω was increasing or decreasing.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.3. Transitions among polygonal, elliptic, and circular vortices
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the parameter region that allowed polygonal vortices to appear (described in subsection 3.2) there were transitional ranges of ω around the boundaries of the vortex shape changes.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.3. Transitions among polygonal, elliptic, and circular vortices
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At greater H, each particular transition occurred at a greater ω than in shallower systems.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.2. Polygonal vortices
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For H = 3-8 cm, a gradual increase of ω led the vortices to progress through a variety of shapes.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.2. Polygonal vortices
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The polygonal vortices rotated with a constant angular velocity, which was slow when compared with the bottom disk; i.e., about 0.2-0.4ω.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.2. Polygonal vortices
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Although we also observed a switching phenomenon at a certain range on one branch of the hysteresis, it differed from that described by Tasaka and Iima (2009), who observed the switching state as one of the two end states of the transition.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > Jansson
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Tasaka and Iima (2009) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 6 (Conclusions; page unavailable) identifies laminar and turbulent flow as the two states connected to different branches. It describes surface switching as a dynamic transition between those states, not as one of the transition’s two end states. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“They observed no clear hysteresis during this transition and the states of the vortex showed equivalent changes under accelerating and decelerating rotation.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Suzuki et al (2006) source
In the passage on the Reynolds-number sweep (indexed under Abstract; page not supplied), the authors say they increased rotation speed in steps and found no hysteresis when they decreased it. They describe the corresponding symmetric, switching, and asymmetric surface states, supporting the claim that the observed states did not differ between increasing and decreasing rotation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Comparison of figures 5 and 6 suggests that the phase diagrams of the polygonal vortices are consistent both qualitatively and quantitatively, with the exception of the results of Jansson et al (2006) using a smaller container of radius 131 mm.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > Jansson
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Jansson et al (2006) source
The experimental description (indexed as Abstract) identifies Jansson et al.’s smaller setup as having a cylinder radius of 13.1 cm, or 131 mm, and says its polygon states appear in the phase diagram. The comparison of figures 5 and 6 is the citing authors’ own conclusion, not a finding attributed to Jansson et al. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The more detailed dependence on H and ω is also consistent with Jansson et al (2006); the number of corners of the polygon increases with ω, and the value of ω where the transition occurs is roughly proportional to H.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 4. Comparison of the constructed phase diagram with previous studies
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Jansson et al (2006) source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Suzuki et al (2006) performed similar experiments using a much smaller container of radius 42.5 mm.They observed the repeated alternation of the vortex between being elliptic and circular, which they called switching.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Suzuki et al (2006) source
The experimental-setup passage (indexed under Abstract; page not supplied) gives the cylinder’s inner radius as 42.5 mm and describes the surface shapes as circular or elliptic. The switching passage in the same section reports aperiodic alternation between axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric surface shapes. The paper describes the switching as a change in the fluid surface rather than explicitly in the vortex itself. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“They also reported the transition of the features of the vortex with increasingly fast rotation when the axisymmetric vortex observed under slow rotation sequentially changed to a switching state and then to a non-symmetric (elliptic) vortex state as the rotation accelerated, before returning to an axisymmetric vortex at yet faster rotation.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Suzuki et al (2006) source
The indexed passages describe a switching state between the low-rotation symmetric state and the higher-rotation asymmetric state (Abstract, passage 8). They describe the asymmetric surface as elliptic and report that a symmetric state appears again at still higher Reynolds numbers (Abstract, passage 4). No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such intermediate vortices were observed both as ω increased (i.e., as the shape shifted from elliptic to triangular), and as it decreased from the triangular vortex parameter range.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.3. Transitions among polygonal, elliptic, and circular vortices
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Slow rotation (ω = 90 rpm) produced an almost circular vortex, in accordance with the axisymmetric setup of the experiment.However, faster rotation (ω = 150 rpm) broke the symmetry to form an elliptic vortex.Further increases of rotation rate induced the vortex to become triangular (ω = 240 rpm), square (ω = 270 rpm), pentagonal (ω = 330 rpm), and hexagonal (ω = 345 rpm).”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.2. Polygonal vortices
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The behavior was essentially independent of whether ω was increasing or decreasing; i.e., there was no apparent hysteresis.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.3. Transitions among polygonal, elliptic, and circular vortices
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, the parameter dependence of the progression of the series of polygonal vortices was established, and the ranges of the parameter values that allowed sloshing were also established.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 5. Conclusions
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 3(a) shows the vortex when the rotation rate was increased to ω = 160 rpm.In this regime, the vortex had an almost axisymmetric circular form, and the depression at the surface of the vortex center was so large that it touched the bottom disk, which indicates the rapidly rotating flow of the water.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.3. Transitions among polygonal, elliptic, and circular vortices
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For H greater than about 7 cm, such sloshing was always observed for ω = 120-155 rpm, but mainly around 130 rpm: the rotation ω that allowed sloshing did not depend greatly on H.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.4. Wave sloshing along the sidewall
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the rotation slowed to around ω = 150 rpm, switching phenomena began, i.e. an elliptic vortex repeatedly alternated with a relatively axisymmetric state, until the vortex suddenly returned, at 142.5 rpm, to its original, almost axisymmetric, circular state with a deep central depression.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.3. Transitions among polygonal, elliptic, and circular vortices
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For H less than about 7 cm, the ω range that allowed sloshing at higher H was not within the circular flow regime, and sloshing was not observed with polygonal or elliptic vortices nor with vortices with dry center.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.4. Wave sloshing along the sidewall
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These dependences were clearly different: the former approximately depended on the ratio ω H , while the latter was greatly dependent on ω and largely inde- pendent of H.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 5. Conclusions
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the sloshing found around ω = 135 rpm had wavenumber 3, a similar wave of wavenumber 2 traveling along the sidewall was also observed at approximately H = 15 cm and ω = 220 rpm.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.4. Wave sloshing along the sidewall
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This sloshing of wavenumber 3 has not been previously reported, and its parameter dependence (the narrow ω range and the weak dependence on H) is also shown here for the first time.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > Jansson
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar investigations of the marginal range between the elliptic and circular vortices consistently revealed similar hysteresis over the H range of 5-10 cm, although the width of the hysteresis range varied.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.3. Transitions among polygonal, elliptic, and circular vortices
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of the value R = 145 mm slightly reduces the difference, but a quantitative discrepancy with other results still remains.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > Jansson
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The wave had a wavenumber of 3, and its phase propagated with an angular velocity of about 80 rpm.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.4. Wave sloshing along the sidewall
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thorough evaluation of experiments conducted over the H-ω parameter space revealed several phenomena: (i) a series of steady polygonal vortices that emerged with increasingly fast rotation; (ii) hysteresis between an axisymmetric vortex state and an elliptic vortex state; and (iii) sloshing.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 5. Conclusions
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This large-amplitude wave eventually broke down, and the central depression of the water surface became shallower, returning to the original calm state with an almost axisymmetric circular vortex.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.4. Wave sloshing along the sidewall
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(Sloshing was exceptionally observed over a very narrow range around ω = 135 rpm, see subsection 3.4.)”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.3. Transitions among polygonal, elliptic, and circular vortices
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The vertical vibration of the water surface amplified, eventually forming a surface wave of large amplitude traveling along the sidewall of the container (figure 4(b)).”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.4. Wave sloshing along the sidewall
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such axisymmetry of the vortex held until ω exceeded about 180 rpm, whereupon it suddenly lost the symmetry by elongating to become elliptic.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.3. Transitions among polygonal, elliptic, and circular vortices
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Later, Jansson et al (2006,2007) conducted similar experiments using a container of radius 131 mm, and also observed the formation of polygonal vortices.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jansson et al (2006,2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Vatistas (1990) referred to the second scenario as vortex sloshing.Here, a calm, almost axisymmetric, state with a circular depression at the center of the water surface alternated, with a period of about 65 s, with another state showing an elliptic center with an undulating water surface.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vatistas (1990) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The first report of this experiment was by Vatistas (1990), who observed two remarkable phenomena in a container with a radius of 142 mm.The first were referred to as Kelvinʼs equilibria.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vatistas (1990) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Recently, theoretical analysis was performed by Fabre and Mougel (2014), which may explain the features of this phenomenon.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.4. Wave sloshing along the sidewall
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fabre and Mougel (2014) source
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Vatistas (1990) and Vatistas et al (2008) described the intermediate state where two neighboring polygons, such as triangle and square, coexist around the marginal parameter region.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 4. Comparison of the constructed phase diagram with previous studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vatistas et al (2008) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, there were also some differences as the shape of the vortex at the sloshing phase was not elliptic, but showed an azimuthal wavenumber of 3, and the rotation of the bottom disk ω where sloshing occurred was slower than in our experiment.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > Jansson
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vatistas (1990) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Their further work, involving a larger container of radius 194 mm, and also using the more viscous ethylene glycol as the working fluid, found that the phase diagram depended very little on the container size or the fluid viscosity.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jansson et al (2006,2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The steady polygonal vortices showed a parameter dependence consistent with previous studies, and the phase diagram obtained here is consistent with these earlier results.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 5. Conclusions
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They studied wide ranges of H and ω, and constructed a phase diagram indicating the points in H-ω space where vortices of various shapes formed.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jansson et al (2006,2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The large amplitude of the wave along the sidewall accompanying this sloshing suggests that this phenomenon was caused by resonance between a gravity wave along the sidewall and some other wave or flow.”
§ Fluid Dynamics > 3.4. Wave sloshing along the sidewall
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Citations
Cites
Polygons on a Rotating Fluid Surface
Jansson, T. R. N., Haspang, M. P., Jensen, K. H., Hersen, P., & Bohr, T. (2006) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.96.174502 · Cited by 124
A note on liquid vortex sloshing and Kelvin's equilibria
Vatistas, G. H. (1990) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/s0022112090000702 · Cited by 81
Polygon formation and surface flow on a rotating fluid surface
BERGMANN, R., TOPHØJ, L., HOMAN, T. A. M., HERSEN, P., ANDERSEN, A., & BOHR, T. (2011) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2011.152 · Cited by 55
Rotating Polygon Instability of a Swirling Free Surface Flow
Tophøj, L., Mougel, J., Bohr, T., & Fabre, D. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.194502 · Cited by 55
Surface switching of rotating fluid in a cylinder
Suzuki, T., Iima, M., & Hayase, Y. (2006) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/1.2359740 · Cited by 43
Experimental Confirmation of Kelvin’s Equilibria
Vatistas, G. H., Abderrahmane, H. A., & Siddiqui, M. H. K. (2008) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.100.174503 · Cited by 41
Flow transitions in the surface switching of rotating fluid
TASAKA, Y., & IIMA, M. (2009) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/s0022112009991005 · Cited by 30
Fabre, D., & Mougel, J. (2014) · Fluid Dynamics Research · doi:10.1088/0169-5983/46/6/061415 · Cited by 23
Whirling skirts and rotating cones
Guven, J., Hanna, J. A., & Mueller, M. M. (2013) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/15/11/113055 · Cited by 8
Polygon formation and surface flow on a rotating fluid surface – ERRATUM
Bergmann, R., Tophøj, L., Homan, T., et al. (2012) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2011.492 · Cited by 8
Erratum: Polygons on a Rotating Fluid Surface [Phys. Rev. Lett.PRLTAO0031-900796, 174502 (2006)]
Jansson, T. R. N., Haspang, M. P., Jensen, K. H., Hersen, P., & Bohr, T. (2007) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.98.049901 · Cited by 4
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Fabre D, 2014, Fluid Dyn. Res.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
On the instabilities of a potential vortex with a free surface
Mougel, J., Fabre, D., Lacaze, L., & Bohr, T. (2017) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2017.341 · Cited by 28
“This model has been first considered by Vatistas, Wang & Lin (1994) and the extension of the Tophøj model to the case of a Rankine vortex is provided in Fabre & Mougel (2014) and gives an interpretation of the mechanisms of the sloshing phenomena (Iga et al. 2014) in terms of wave interactions.”
BackgroundMethodFabre, D., & Mougel, J. (2014) · Fluid Dynamics Research · doi:10.1088/0169-5983/46/6/061415 · Cited by 23
“In particular, the range of existence of the sloshing behavior with azimuthal wavenumber m = 3 in figure 5 of Iga et al (2014) is strikingly similar to the range of existence of the m = 3 ‘Wet instability’ in our theoretical diagram (figure 3).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAxisymmetric rotating flow with free surface in a cylindrical tank
Wen Jei, Y. A. N. G., Delbende, I., Fraigneau, Y., & Witkowski, L. M. (2018) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2018.929 · Cited by 21
“92 9 Axisymmetric rotating flow with free surface 797 speed of the disk (see Jansson et al. 2006; Bach et al. 2014; Iga et al. 2014).”
BackgroundWen Jei, Y. A. N. G., Delbende, I., Fraigneau, Y., & Witkowski, L. M. (2020) · Physical Review Fluids · doi:10.1103/physrevfluids.5.044801 · Cited by 16
“25 such instabilities have been studied by [40]; (ii) a high Reynolds number regime, for which the control parameter is the Froude number, where rotating polygons (RP) prevail [1,2,5,18].”
BackgroundYe, W., Liu, J., Gao, L., et al. (2018) · Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements · doi:10.1016/j.enganabound.2018.09.013 · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Authors
- Iga, K., Yokota, S., Watanabe, S., Ikeda, T., Niino, H., & Misawa, N.
- Affiliations
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Meteorological Research Institute (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Iga, Keita
- Venue
- Fluid Dynamics Research
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2014-05-28
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 031409
- ISSN
- 0169-5983 (ISSN-L)
- 1873-7005
- OpenAlex
- W2061768922
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 3.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fluid Dynamics Research (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Fluid dynamics and aerodynamics studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer
- Keywords
- flow regime transition, hysteresis, sloshing, phase diagram, rotational speed, axisymmetric flow, azimuthal anisotropy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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