The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Black hole evaporation without information loss
Open accessAbstract
An approach to black hole quantization is proposed wherein it is assumed that quantum coherence is preserved. After giving our motivations for such a quantization procedure we formulate the background field approximation, in which particles are divided into `hard' particles and `soft' particles. The background spacetime metric depends both on the in-states and on the out-states. A consequence of our approach is that four-geometries describing gravitational collapse will show the same topological structure as flat Minkowski space. We present some model calculations and extensive discussions. In particular, we show, in the context of a toy model, that the S-matrix describing soft particles in the hard particle background of a collapsing star is unitary; nevertheless, part of the spectrum of particles is shown to be approximately thermal. We also conclude that there is an interesting topological (and signature) constraint on manifolds underlying conventional functional integrals.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Particle creation by black holes
Hawking, S. W. (1975) · Communications In Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1007/bf02345020 · Cited by 13,106
Quantum Fields in Curved Space
Birrell, N. D., & Davies, P. C. W. (1982) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511622632 · Cited by 8,354
Notes on black-hole evaporation
Unruh, W. G. (1976) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.14.870 · Cited by 4,850
Breakdown of predictability in gravitational collapse
Hawking, S. W. (1976) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.14.2460 · Cited by 2,554
On the quantum structure of a black hole
't Hooft, G. (1985) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/0550-3213(85)90418-3 · Cited by 1,311
Callan, C. G., Giddings, S. B., Harvey, J. A., & Strominger, A. (1992) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.45.r1005 · Cited by 1,131
Path-integral derivation of black-hole radiance
Hartle, J. B., & Hawking, S. W. (1976) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.13.2188 · Cited by 1,115
Callan, C., Giddings, S., Harvey, J., & Strominger, A. (1991) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/9111056 · Cited by 1,113
The stretched horizon and black hole complementarity
Susskind, L., Thorlacius, L., & Uglum, J. (1993) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.48.3743 · Cited by 1,081
Nonexistence of Baryon Number for Static Black Holes
Bekenstein, J. D. (1972) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.5.1239 · Cited by 584
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Carlitz R D, 1987, Phys. Rev., 15, 2327
Cited by
Bousso, R. (2002) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.74.825 · Cited by 1,741
Black Holes: Complementarity or Firewalls?
Almheiri, A., Marolf, D., Polchinski, J., & Sully, J. (2012) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1207.3123 · Cited by 1,471
Black holes: complementarity or firewalls?
Almheiri, A., Marolf, D., Polchinski, J., & Sully, J. (2013) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep02(2013)062 · Cited by 1,470
Quantum nature of the big bang: An analytical and numerical investigation
Ashtekar, A., Pawlowski, T., & Singh, P. (2006) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.73.124038 · Cited by 609
Almheiri, A., Marolf, D., Polchinski, J., Stanford, D., & Sully, J. (2013) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep09(2013)018 · Cited by 425
Metadata
- Authors
- Stephens, C. R., Hooft, G. '., & Whiting, B. F.
- Venue
- Classical and Quantum Gravity
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 1994-03-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 621-647
- ISSN
- 0264-9381 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6382
- OpenAlex
- W1980302813
- Cited by
- 393
- References
- 16
- FWCI
- 9.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Black hole evaporation without information loss. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1088/0264-9381/11/3/014
- The paper
- Stephens, C. R., Hooft, G. '., & Whiting, B. F. (1994). Black hole evaporation without information loss. Classical and Quantum Gravity. https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/11/3/014
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
