Did the Universe evolve?

In Einstein-Cartan theory, torsion is determined by the field equations and the resulting torsion tensor is proportional to the spin tensor of fermionic matter.

“Instead, torsion is determined by the field equations obtained from varying the action with respect to the torsion tensor [6][7][8].The resulting torsion tensor is proportional to the spin tensor of fermionic matter.”

Spacetime torsion within Einstein-Cartan theory provides a simple and natural mechanism for preventing gravitational singularities.

“A simple and natural mechanism for preventing gravitational singularities is provided by spacetime torsion within the Einstein-Cartan (EC) theory of gravity.”

Einstein-Cartan theory is equivalent to general relativity with the symmetric Levi-Civita connection, in which the energy-momentum tensor of matter acquires terms quadratic in the spin tensor.

“Consequently, EC is equivalent to general relativity with the symmetric Levi-Civita connection, in which the energy-momentum tensor of matter acquires terms that are quadratic in the spin tensor.”

Such a contraction could correspond to gravitational collapse of matter inside a newly formed black hole existing in another universe.

“Such a contraction could correspond to gravitational collapse of matter inside a newly formed black hole existing in another universe (Novikov 1966;Pathria 1972;Frolov et al. 1989Frolov et al. , 1990;;Smolin 1992;Stuckey 1994;Easson & Brandenberger 2001;Smoller & Temple 2003;Popławski 2010aPopławski , 2010cPopławski , 2011a)).”