Fluctuations of Photon Beams: The Distribution of the Photo-Electrons

Abstract

The probability distribution p ( n , T ) of the number of counts n from a photoelectric detector illuminated by coherent light for a time T is studied, by associating photons stochastically with Gaussian random waves. The cumulants of the distribution are derived and it is shown to be of the expected form for a boson assembly in a limited volume of phase space. The distribution depends strongly on the degeneracy of the light beam. It approaches the Poisson form for classical particles at low degeneracies and the distribution characteristic of classical waves at high degeneracies. The analysis leads, incidentally, to an expression for the extent of the unit cell of phase space in the direction of the beam. It is argued that this should be adopted as the measure of coherence length.