The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The statistics of natural images
Abstract
Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in the properties of natural images. Their statistics are important not only in image compression but also for the study of sensory processing in biology, which can be viewed as satisfying certain ‘design criteria’. This review summarizes previous work on image statistics and presents our own data. Perhaps the most notable property of natural images is an invariance to scale. We present data to support this claim as well as evidence for a hierarchical invariance in natural scenes. These symmetries provide a powerful description of natural images as they greatly restrict the class of allowed distributions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
Shannon, C. E. (1948) · Bell System Technical Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x · Cited by 88,486
Normalization of cell responses in cat striate cortex
Heeger, D. J. (1992) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s0952523800009640 · Cited by 1,835
Predictive coding: a fresh view of inhibition in the retina
Srinivasan, M. V., Laughlin, S. B., & Dubs, A. (1982) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1982.0085 · Cited by 1,042
Development of the brain depends on the visual environment
BLAKEMORE, C., & COOPER, G. F. (1970) · Nature · doi:10.1038/228477a0 · Cited by 1,005
Cited by
Martin, D., Fowlkes, C., Tal, D., & Malik, J. (2002) · Proceedings Eighth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. ICCV 2001 · doi:10.1109/iccv.2001.937655 · Cited by 8,216
Making a “Completely Blind” Image Quality Analyzer
Mittal, A., Soundararajan, R., & Bovik, A. C. (2013) · IEEE Signal Processing Letters · doi:10.1109/lsp.2012.2227726 · Cited by 6,766
No-Reference Image Quality Assessment in the Spatial Domain
Mittal, A., Moorthy, A. K., & Bovik, A. C. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2012.2214050 · Cited by 6,064
Emergence of simple-cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images
Olshausen, B. A., & Field, D. J. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/381607a0 · Cited by 5,694
SlowFast Networks for Video Recognition
Feichtenhofer, C., Fan, H., Malik, J., & He, K. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2019.00630 · Cited by 4,007
Metadata
- Authors
- Ruderman, D.
- Venue
- Network: Computation in Neural Systems
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1994-11-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 517-548
- ISSN
- 0954-898X (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6536
- OpenAlex
- W2120838001
- Cited by
- 941
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 4.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The statistics of natural images. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1088/0954-898x/5/4/006
- The paper
- Ruderman, D. (1994). The statistics of natural images. Network: Computation in Neural Systems. https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-898x/5/4/006
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.