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Why standard brain-computer interface (BCI) training protocols should be changed: an experimental study

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Jeunet, Camille, Jahanpour, Emilie, Lotte, Fabien·2016·Journal of Neural Engineering

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Abstract

Objective. While promising, electroencephaloraphy based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are barely used due to their lack of reliability: 15% to 30% of users are unable to control a BCI. Standard training protocols may be partly responsible as they do not satisfy recommendations from psychology. Our main objective was to determine in practice to what extent standard training protocols impact users’ motor imagery based BCI (MI-BCI) control performance. Approach. We performed two experiments. The first consisted in evaluating the efficiency of a standard BCI training protocol for the acquisition of non-BCI related skills in a BCI-free context, which enabled us to rule out the possible impact of BCIs on the training outcome. Thus, participants ( N = 54) were asked to perform simple motor tasks. The second experiment was aimed at measuring the correlations between motor tasks and MI-BCI performance. The ten best and ten worst performers of the first study were recruited for an MI-BCI experiment during which they had to learn to perform two MI tasks. We also assessed users’ spatial ability and pre-training μ rhythm amplitude, as both have been related to MI-BCI performance in the literature. Main results. Around 17% of the participants were unable to learn to perform the motor tasks, which is close to the BCI illiteracy rate. This suggests that standard training protocols are suboptimal for skill teaching. No correlation was found between motor tasks and MI-BCI performance. However, spatial ability played an important role in MI-BCI performance. In addition, once the spatial ability covariable had been controlled for, using an ANCOVA, it appeared that participants who faced difficulty during the first experiment improved during the second while the others did not. Significance. These studies suggest that (1) standard MI-BCI training protocols are suboptimal for skill teaching, (2) spatial ability is confirmed as impacting on MI-BCI performance, and (3) when faced with difficult pre-training, subjects seemed to explore more strategies and therefore learn better.

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Authors: Jeunet, C., Jahanpour, E., & Lotte, F.
Affiliations: Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique (FR)
Université de Bordeaux (FR)
Centre Inria de l'université de Bordeaux (FR)
Corresponding author: Jeunet, Camille
ORCID: Jeunet, Camille
Lotte, Fabien
Venue: Journal of Neural Engineering
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Published: 2016-05-11
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Pages: 036024
ISSN: 1741-2552 (ISSN-L)
1741-2560
DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/3/036024
OpenAlex: W2365862230
Cited by: 192
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4
FWCI: 11.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
inria.hal.science
Licence: other-oa
publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/iop-standard/v1 (vor)
iopscience.iop.org/info/page/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Neural Engineering (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Free Will and Agency
Keywords: brain-computer interface, motor imagery, spatial ability, motor skill learning, BCI illiteracy, mu rhythm, EEG-based control, learning strategies
MeSH terms: Adult, Algorithms, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Imagination, Learning, Male, Motor Skills, Psychomotor Performance, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Space Perception, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult, Brain-Computer Interfaces, Spatial Navigation

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Why standard brain-computer interface (BCI) training protocols should be changed: an experimental study

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