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A review of classification algorithms for EEG-based brain–computer interfaces
Open accessAbstract
In this paper we review classification algorithms used to design brain-computer interface (BCI) systems based on electroencephalography (EEG). We briefly present the commonly employed algorithms and describe their critical properties. Based on the literature, we compare them in terms of performance and provide guidelines to choose the suitable classification algorithm(s) for a specific BCI.
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“each paradigm relies on manual specification of signal processing [7], feature extraction [8] and classification methods [9], a process which often requires significant subject-matter expertise and/or a priori knowledge about the expected EEG signal.”
From EEGNet: a compact convolutional neural network for EEG-based brain-computer interfaces (2018) · cites this paper as [9]
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“Third, SVM is known to have good generalization properties and to be insensitive to overtraining and to the curse-of-dimensionality, especially in the small data set [25].”
From Fusion of Facial Expressions and EEG for Multimodal Emotion Recognition (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
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“The continuous development of EEG-BCI applications puts forward higher requirements for the processes of BCI, where the reliance on human expertise is a necessary problem to be solved [16].”
From IENet: a robust convolutional neural network for EEG based brain-computer interfaces (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
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Body-Machine Interfaces after Spinal Cord Injury: Rehabilitation and Brain Plasticity
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Mayaud, L., Cabanilles, S., van Langhenhove, A., Congedo, M., Barachant, A., Pouplin, S., Filipe, S., Pétégnief, L., Rochecouste, O., Azabou, É., et al. (2016) · Brain-Computer Interfaces · doi:10.1080/2326263x.2016.1254403 · Cited by 26
Self-citationPhysiological Computing and Intelligent Adaptation
Fairclough, S. H. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801851-4.00020-3 · Cited by 26
Yılmaz, B. H., Yılmaz, Ç. M., & Köse, C. (2019) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-019-02075-x · Cited by 26
“Due to this, the success of these methods is highly related to the proper design and implementation of pre-processing, feature extraction, and classification, and there is an urgent need to improve the performance of these systems [8, 9].”
BackgroundDoborjeh, Z., Doborjeh, M., Crook‐Rumsey, M., Taylor, T., Wang, G., Moreau, D., Krägeloh, C. U., Wrapson, W., Siegert, R. J., Kasabov, N. K., et al. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20247354 · Cited by 28
Li, G., Jiang, S., Meng, J., Chai, G., Wu, Z., Fan, Z., Hu, J. Z., Sheng, X., Zhang, D., Chen, L., et al. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118969 · Cited by 22
“The current decoding settings provided benefits in avoiding both overestimating the decoding performance and overfitting (Lotte et al., 2007).”
BackgroundHernández, L., Cantillo-Negrete, J., Mendoza-Montoya, O., Carino-Escobar, R. I., Leyva-Martinez, I., Aguirre-Güemez, A. V., Barrera-Ortiz, A., Carrillo-Mora, P. U., & Antelis, J. M. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3170906 · Cited by 26
Sosulski, J., & Tangermann, M. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac9c98 · Cited by 26
“For classification of ERP components, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is often used, as it is computationally cheap during training and inference and still delivers state of the art performance (Lotte et al., 2007; 2018).”
MethodIncrease performance of four-class classification for motor-imagery based brain-computer interface
Thang, L. Q., & Temiyasathit, C. (2014) · International Conference on Computer, Information and Telecommunication Systems · doi:10.1109/cits.2014.6878959 · Cited by 26
Alpha and beta EEG brainwave signal classification technique: A conceptual study
Zainuddin, B. S., Hussain, Z., & Isa, I. S. (2014) · IEEE International Colloquium on Signal Processing & Its Applications (CSPA) · doi:10.1109/cspa.2014.6805755 · Cited by 26
Mixture of feature specified experts
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Chung, D., Yun, K., & Jeong, J. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv006 · Cited by 26
Neural decoding of unilateral upper limb movements using single trial MEG signals
Sugata, H., Goto, T., Hirata, M., Yanagisawa, T., Morris, S., Matsushita, K., Yoshimine, T., & Yorifuji, S. (2012) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.05.053 · Cited by 26
Brain Computer Interface Based Real Time Control of Wheelchair Using Electroencephalogram
Khare, V., Santhosh, J., Anand, S., & Bhatia, M. (2011) · Cited by 26
Design and evaluation of a P300-ERP based BCI system for real-time control of a mobile robot
Nurseitov, D., Serekov, A., Shintemirov, A., & Abibullaev, B. (2017) · International Winter Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) · doi:10.1109/iww-bci.2017.7858177 · Cited by 26
Brain-Based Computer Interfaces in Virtual Reality
Li, S., Leider, A. M., Meikang Qiu, A., Gai, K., & Liu, M. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Cloud Computing (CSCloud) · doi:10.1109/cscloud.2017.51 · Cited by 26
Decoding attentional states for neurofeedback: Mindfulness vs. wandering thoughts
Zhigalov, A., Heinilä, E., Parviainen, T. M., Parkkonen, L. T., & Hyvärinen, A. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.014 · Cited by 26
“2 October 2018; Accepted 4 Oc . to detect some cognitive operations or mental states from underlying neuronal activity (Lemm et al., 2011; Lotte et al., 2007).”
BackgroundClassification of left and right foot kinaesthetic motor imagery using common spatial pattern
Tariq, M., Trivailo, P. M., & Simić, M. (2019) · Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express · doi:10.1088/2057-1976/ab54ad · Cited by 26
Kwon, M., Cho, H., Won, K., Ahn, M., & Jun, S. C. (2020) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics9040690 · Cited by 25
Brain-Computer Interface to Deliver Individualized Multisensory Intervention for Neuropathic Pain
Aurucci, G. V., Preatoni, G., Damiani, A., & Raspopović, S. (2023) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-023-01396-y · Cited by 23
“01), which was employed due to its suitability for BCI applications [50].”
MethodMiladinović, A., Accardo, A., Jarmolowska, J., Marušič, U., & Ajčević, M. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24186125 · Cited by 25
“In some BCI studies, the time windows used significantly exceed the acceptable limit, extending up to 4 s [15,26].”
BackgroundTowards Brain Computer Interfaces for Recreational Activities: Piloting a Drone
Kosmyna, N., Tarpin-Bernard, F., & Rivet, B. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22701-6_37 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Lotte, F., Congedo, M., Lécuyer, A., Lamarche, F., & Arnaldi, B.
- Affiliations
- Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique (FR)
- Orange (France) (FR)
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Engineering
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2007-01-31
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- R1-R13
- ISSN
- 1741-2552 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2560
- OpenAlex
- W2075647286
- Cited by
- 2,665
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 167 · 2020: 178 · 2019: 200 · 2018: 254 · 2017: 184 · 2016: 197 · 2015: 197 · 2014: 172 · 2013: 159 · 2012: 136
- FWCI
- 4.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Keywords
- brain-computer interface, EEG, pattern classification, algorithm comparison
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, Brain, Communication Devices for People with Disabilities, Communication Aids for Disabled, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Pattern Recognition, Automated, User-Computer Interface
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