The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Discriminant Validity Assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion
Open accessAbstract
Assessment of discriminant validity is a must in any research that involves latent variables for the prevention of multicollinearity issues. Fornell and Larcker criterion is the most widely used method for this purpose. However, a new method has emerged for establishing the discriminant validity assessment through heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations method. Therefore, this article presents the results of discriminant validity assessment using these methods. Data from previous study was used that involved 429 respondents for empirical validation of value-based excellence model in higher education institutions (HEI) in Malaysia. From the analysis, the convergent, divergent and discriminant validity were established and admissible using Fornell and Larcker criterion. However, the discriminant validity is an issue when employing the HTMT criterion. This shows that the latent variables under study faced the issue of multicollinearity and should be looked into for further details. This also implied that the HTMT criterion is a stringent measure that could detect the possible indiscriminant among the latent variables. In conclusion, the instrument which consisted of six latent variables was still lacking in terms of discriminant validity and should be explored further.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, according to Hamid et al. [59], 'Fornell and Larcker criterion and the assessment of the cross-loadings are inadequately sensitive in detecting discriminant validity when compared with Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) criterion.”
From Are You Environmentally Conscious Enough to Differentiate between Greenwashed and Sustainable Items? A Global Consumers Perspective (2020) · cites this paper as [59]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151312 · Cited by 109,314 · cited 1×
“Data from previous study was used in this article for establishing the discriminant validity test using Fornell and Larcker 1981 criterion [2] and Heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) criterion as proposed by Henseler in 2015 [1].”
MethodEvaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378101800104 · Cited by 109,190
A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 · Cited by 38,459
On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/bf02723327 · Cited by 26,163
Pls-Sem: indeed a silver bullet
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011) · Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.2753/mtp1069-6679190202 · Cited by 21,631
Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective
Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2001.11045669 · Cited by 6,233
H.Ansoff, I. (1979) · doi:10.2307/2581197 · Cited by 2,695
Becker, J.-M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M. (2012) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2012.10.001 · Cited by 2,279
Rahim, M. A., & Magner, N. R. (1995) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.122 · Cited by 519
E‐government adoption in Cambodia: a partial least squares approach
Sang, S., Lee, J., & Lee, J. (2010) · Transforming Government People Process and Policy · doi:10.1108/17506161011047370 · Cited by 155
Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: a review of four recent studies
Hulland, J. (1999) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199902)20:2
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Hair JF, 2010, Multivariate Data Analysis Seventh Edition Prentice Hall
- Hair J, 2014, A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)
- Nunnally JC, 1994, Psychological theory
- Henseler J, 2009, J. Acad. Market. Sci., 20, 227
- Fornell C, 1994, Advan. Meths. Market. Res., 407, 52
- Kline RB, 2011, Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling
- Ab Hamid MR, 2012, Journal of Statistical Modeling and Analytics, 3, 52
- Barclay D, 1995, Technology Studies, 2, 285
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The roles of initial trust and perceived risk in public’s acceptance of automated vehicles
Zhang, T., Tao, D., Qu, X., Zhang, X. Y., Lin, R., & Zhang, W. (2018) · Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.trc.2018.11.018 · Cited by 900
Investigating the impact of user trust on the adoption and use of ChatGPT: Survey analysis
Choudhury, A., & Shamszare, H. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/47184 · Cited by 470
Automated vehicle acceptance in China: Social influence and initial trust are key determinants
Zhang, T., Tao, D., Qu, X., Zhang, X. Y., Zeng, J., Zhu, H.-Y., & Han, Z. (2020) · Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.trc.2020.01.027 · Cited by 495
Teachers' AI-TPACK: exploring the relationship between knowledge elements
Ning, Y., Zhang, C., Xu, B., Zhou, Y., & Wijaya, T. T. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16030978 · Cited by 330
Kimiagari, S., & Malafe, N. S. A. (2021) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102567 · Cited by 329
Metadata
- Authors
- Ab Hamid, M. R., Sami, W., & Mohmad Sidek, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (MY)
- ORCID
- Sami, W
- Venue
- Journal of Physics: Conference Series
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 890
- Pages
- 012163
- ISSN
- 1742-6588 (ISSN-L)
- 1742-6596
- OpenAlex
- W2757330327
- Cited by
- 1,478
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 230 · 2025: 282 · 2024: 307 · 2023: 243 · 2022: 190 · 2021: 135 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 35.75
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Physics Conference Series (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- discriminant validity, HTMT, multicollinearity, latent variables, higher education institutions, convergent validity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
