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Estimation of packaged water consumption and associated plastic waste production from household budget surveys
Open accessAbstract
Packaged water consumption is growing in low- and middle-income countries, but the magnitude of this phenomenon and its environmental consequences remain unclear. This study aims to quantify both the volumes of packaged water consumed relative to household water requirements and associated plastic waste generated for three West African case study countries. Data from household expenditure surveys for Ghana, Nigeria and Liberia were used to estimate the volumes of packaged water consumed and thereby quantify plastic waste generated in households with and without solid waste disposal facilities. In Ghana, Nigeria and Liberia respectively, 11.3 (95% confidence interval: 10.3–12.4), 10.1 (7.5–12.5), and 0.38 (0.31–0.45) Ml day −1 of sachet water were consumed. This generated over 28 000 tonnes yr −1 of plastic waste, of which 20%, 63% and 57% was among households lacking formal waste disposal facilities in Ghana, Nigeria and Liberia respectively. Reported packaged water consumption provided sufficient water to meet daily household drinking-water requirements for 8.4%, less than 1% and 1.6% of households in Ghana, Nigeria and Liberia respectively. These findings quantify packaged water's contribution to household water needs in our study countries, particularly Ghana, but indicate significant subsequent environmental repercussions.
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Using previously published estimates of primary sachet plastic packaging, the largest facility's sachet production equated to 223.4 tonnes of plastic/year.
“Using previously published estimates of primary sachet plastic packaging (Wardrop et al. ), the largest facility ' s sachet production equated to 223.4 tonnes of plastic/year.”
From Characteristics of packaged water production facilities in Greater Accra, Ghana: implications for water safety and associated environmental impacts (2020) · cites this paper as Wardrop et al. 2017
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Parag, Y., Elimelech, E., & Opher, T. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15129760 · Cited by 35
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wardrop, N. A., Dzodzomenyo, M., Aryeetey, G., Hill, A. G., Bain, R. E. S., & Wright, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- University of Ghana (GH)
- United Nations Children's Fund (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wardrop, Nicola A
- Wright, Jim
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Research Letters
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2017-07-20
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 074029
- ISSN
- 1748-9326 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2620439727
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Research Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/M008940/1)
- Department for International Development (MR/M008940/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Municipal Solid Waste Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water resources management and optimization
- Keywords
- sachet water, plastic waste, drinking water access, solid waste disposal, household budget survey, Ghana, Nigeria, Liberia, West Africa, low- and middle-income countries
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