Modification of a liquid hydrogen tank for integrated refrigeration and storage
Open accessAbstract
The modification and outfitting of a 125,000-liter liquid hydrogen tank was performed to provide integrated refrigeration and storage capability. These functions include zero boil-off, liquefaction, and densification and therefore require provisions for sub-atmospheric tank pressures within the vacuum-jacketed, multilayer insulated tank. The primary structural modification was to add stiffening rings inside the inner vessel. The internal stiffening rings were designed, built, and installed per the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, to prevent collapse in the case of vacuum jacket failure in combination with sub-atmospheric pressure within the tank. For the integrated refrigeration loop, a modular, skeleton-type heat exchanger, with refrigerant temperature instrumentation, was constructed using the stiffening rings as supports. To support the system thermal performance testing, three custom temperature rakes were designed and installed along the 21-meter length of the tank, once again using rings as supports. The temperature rakes included a total of 20 silicon diode temperature sensors mounted both vertically and radially to map the bulk liquid temperature within the tank. The tank modifications were successful and the system is now operational for the research and development of integrated refrigeration technology.
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In the IRAS tank, the pressure and temperature of the liquid are controlled by rejecting the incoming heat through cold helium gas circulated through the internal cooling coil, thereby eliminating the need to vent boiloff gas.
“In the IRAS tank the pressure and temperature of the liquid are controlled by simply rejecting the incoming heat through the cold helium gas being circulated through the internal cooling coil (or heat exchanger) [10], thereby eliminating the need to vent boiloff gas.”
From Energy efficient large-scale storage of liquid hydrogen (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Notardonato W U, 2014 Development of a ground operations demonstration unit for liquid hydrogen at Kennedy Space Center, International Cryogenic Engineering Conference, July 7- 11, The Netherlands.
- Fesmire J E, Tomsik T M, Bonner T, Oliveira J M, Conyers H J, Johnson W L and Notardonato W U 2014 Integrated heat exchanger design for a cryogenic storage tank Advances in Cryogenic Engineering AIP Conf. Proc. 1573, 1365-1372.
- Swanger A M, Notardonato W U, and Jumper K M, 2015 ASME Section VIII recertification of a 33,000-gallon vacuum-jacketed LH2 storage vessel for densified hydrogen testing at NASA Kennedy Space Center, ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, July 19-23, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Notardonato W U, Johnson W L, Swanger A M, and Tomsik T, 2015 Ground Operations Demonstration Unit for Liquid Hydrogen initial test results, Cryogenics Engineering Conference, June 28-July 2, Tucson, Arizona.
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Energy efficient large-scale storage of liquid hydrogen
Fesmire, J., Swanger, A., Jacobson, J., & Notardonato, W. (2022) · IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1240/1/012088 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“In the IRAS tank the pressure and temperature of the liquid are controlled by simply rejecting the incoming heat through the cold helium gas being circulated through the internal cooling coil (or heat exchanger) [10], thereby eliminating the need to vent boiloff gas.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
- Authors
- Swanger, A. M., Jumper, K. M., Fesmire, J. E., & Notardonato, W. U.
- Affiliations
- Kennedy Space Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Swanger, A M
- ORCID
- Swanger, A M
- Venue
- IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2015-12-18
- Volume
- 101
- Pages
- 012080
- ISSN
- 1757-8981 (ISSN-L)
- 1757-899X
- OpenAlex
- W2473275194
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.16
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- NASA Headquarters
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Superconducting Materials and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Phase Change Materials Research
- Keywords
- liquid hydrogen tank, zero boil-off, hydrogen liquefaction, sub-atmospheric pressure, ring stiffeners, thermal performance testing
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