The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
HYDROGEN GREENHOUSE PLANETS BEYOND THE HABITABLE ZONE
Open accessAbstract
We show that collision-induced absorption allows molecular hydrogen to act as an incondensible greenhouse gas and that bars or tens of bars of primordial H 2 –He mixtures can maintain surface temperatures above the freezing point of water well beyond the "classical" habitable zone defined for CO 2 greenhouse atmospheres. Using a one-dimensional radiative–convective model, we find that 40 bars of pure H 2 on a three Earth-mass planet can maintain a surface temperature of 280 K out to 1.5 AU from an early-type M dwarf star and 10 AU from a G-type star. Neglecting the effects of clouds and of gaseous absorbers besides H 2 , the flux at the surface would be sufficient for photosynthesis by cyanobacteria (in the G star case) or anoxygenic phototrophs (in the M star case). We argue that primordial atmospheres of one to several hundred bars of H 2 –He are possible and use a model of hydrogen escape to show that such atmospheres are likely to persist further than 1.5 AU from M stars, and 2 AU from G stars, assuming these planets have protecting magnetic fields. We predict that the microlensing planet OGLE-05-390Lb could have retained an H 2 –He atmosphere and be habitable at ∼2.6 AU from its host M star.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A 40 bar H2-He atmosphere can push the outer limit of the habitable zone out to 10 AU for a 3-Earth-mass planet around a solar-type star.”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Pierrehumbert and Gaidos (2011)
In the citing paper
“Pierrehumbert and Gaidos (2011) suggested a H2-He greenhouse habitable zone for hypothetical planets with very thick atmospheres (these atmospheres may be accreted during planet formation).”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Pierrehumbert and Gaidos (2011)
In the citing paper
“However, only the stability of surface oceans has been considered for such planets; other criteria for habitability have not yet been considered.”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Pierrehumbert and Gaidos (2011)
In the citing paper
“The low molecular weight of hydrogen makes it susceptible to loss to space when stellar charged particles and UV radiation heat the upper atmosphere, but Pierrehumbert and Gaidos (2011) suggested that thick hydrogen atmospheres may be stable on Earth-sized planets greater than 2 AU away from solar-type stars.”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Pierrehumbert and Gaidos (2011)
Citations
Cites
Habitable Zones around Main Sequence Stars
Kasting, J. F., Whitmire, D. P., & Reynolds, R. T. (1993) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.1993.1010 · Cited by 2,501 · cited 1×
“The HZ of the Sun is presently 0.95-2 AU but is much more compact around less-luminous M dwarfs (Kasting et al. 1993).”
BackgroundInfluentialDisk frequencies and lifetimes in Young clusters
Haisch, Jr., Lada, E. A., & Lada, C. J. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/320685 · Cited by 1,723
THE SPITZER c2d LEGACY RESULTS: STAR-FORMATION RATES AND EFFICIENCIES; EVOLUTION AND LIFETIMES
Evans, N., Dunham, M., Jørgensen, J., Enoch, M., Merín, B., van Dishoeck, E., Alcalá, J., Myers, P., Stapelfeldt, K., Huard, T., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/181/2/321 · Cited by 1,279
KEPLER MISSION DESIGN, REALIZED PHOTOMETRIC PERFORMANCE, AND EARLY SCIENCE
Koch, D. G., Borucki, W. J., Basri, G., Batalha, N. M., Brown, T. M., Caldwell, D. A., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Cochran, W. D., DeVore, E., Dunham, E. W., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/713/2/l79 · Cited by 1,177
Beardall, J. (1983) · Phycologia · doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-22-4-456.1 · Cited by 1,092
Disk Frequencies and Lifetimes in Young Clusters
Haisch, K. E., & Lada, C. J. (2001) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 1,074
Borucki, W. J., Koch, D. G., Basri, G., Batalha, N., Brown, T. M., Bryson, S. T., Caldwell, D., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Cochran, W. D., DeVore, E., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/736/1/19 · Cited by 1,042
Formation of the Giant Planets
Mizuno, H. (1980) · Progress of Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1143/ptp.64.544 · Cited by 838
Mass‐Radius Relationships for Solid Exoplanets
Seager, S., Kuchner, M. J., Majumder, C. A. H., & Militzer, B. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/521346 · Cited by 830
Principles of Planetary Climate
Pierrehumbert, R. T. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511780783 · Cited by 789
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Borysow, 1997, A&A, 324, 185
- Genda, 2004, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf., 35, 1518
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dressing, C. D., & Charbonneau, D. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/807/1/45 · Cited by 1,058
Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars
Petigura, E. A., Howard, A. W., & Marcy, G. W. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1319909110 · Cited by 850
HABITABLE ZONES AROUND MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS: DEPENDENCE ON PLANETARY MASS
Kopparapu, R., Ramirez, R. M., Schottelkotte, J. C., Kasting, J. F., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., & Eymet, V. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/787/2/l29 · Cited by 659
Exoplanet Biosignatures: A Review of Remotely Detectable Signs of Life
Schwieterman, E. W., Kiang, N. Y., Parenteau, M. N., Harman, C. E., DasSarma, S., Fisher, T. M., Arney, G. N., Hartnett, H. E., Reinhard, C. T., Olson, S. L., et al. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1729 · Cited by 630
Exoplanet Biosignatures: A Review of Remotely Detectable Signs of Life
Schwieterman, E. W., Kiang, N. Y.-L., Parenteau, M. N., Harman, C. E., DasSarma, S., Fisher, T. M., Arney, G., Hartnett, H. E., Reinhard, C. T., Olson, S. L., et al. (2017) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 452
Metadata
- Authors
- Pierrehumbert, R., & Gaidos, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2011-05-19
- Volume
- 734
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- L13
- ISSN
- 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
- 2041-8213
- OpenAlex
- W2096512653
- Cited by
- 295
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 12.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Keywords
- molecular hydrogen, collision-induced absorption, habitable zone, exoplanet atmospheres, primordial atmosphere, M dwarfs, G-type stars, hydrogen escape, surface temperature, photosynthesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
