Disk frequencies and lifetimes in Young clusters
Open accessAbstract
We report the results of the first sensitive L -band survey of the intermediate-age (2.5-30 Myr) clusters NGC 2264, NGC 2362, and NGC 1960. We use JHKL colors to obtain a census of the circumstellar disk fractions in each cluster. We find disk fractions of 52% ± 10%, 12% ± 4%, and 3% ± 3% for the three clusters, respectively. Together with our previously published JHKL investigations of the younger NGC 2024, Trapezium, and IC 348 clusters, we have completed the first systematic and homogeneous survey for circumstellar disks in a sample of young clusters that both span a significant range in age (0.3-30 Myr) and contain statistically significant numbers of stars whose masses span nearly the entire stellar mass spectrum. Analysis of the combined survey indicates that the cluster disk fraction is initially very high (≥80%) and rapidly decreases with increasing cluster age, such that one-half the stars within the clusters lose their disks in ≲3 Myr. Moreover, these observations yield an overall disk lifetime of ~6 Myr in the surveyed cluster sample. This is the timescale for essentially all the stars in a cluster to lose their disks. This should set a meaningful constraint for the planet-building timescale in stellar clusters. The implications of these results for current theories of planet formation are briefly discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Observations find that typical disk radii are only of order 100 AU even in regions of distributed star formation.
“Moreover, even in regions of distributed star formation, where external photoevaporation is unlikely to play a defining role, observations find that typical disk radii are only of order 100 AU (Haisch et al., 2001; Andrews et al., 2009, 2010).”
From The planet nine hypothesis (2019) · cites this paper as Haisch et al., 2001
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Protoplanetary disk structures in Ophiuchus
Andrews, S. M., Wilner, D. J., Hughes, A. M., Qi, C., & Dullemond, C. P. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/700/2/1502 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Models of giant planet formation with migration and disc evolution
Alibert, Y., Mordasini, C., Benz, W., & Winisdoerffer, C. (2005) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042032 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
A <i>Spitzer Space Telescope</i> Study of Disks in the Young σ Orionis Cluster
Hernandez, J., Hartmann, L., Megeath, T., Gutermuth, R., Muzerolle, J., Calvet, N., Vivas, A. K., Briceno, C., Allen, L., Stauffer, J., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/513735 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Globular clusters as the relics of regular star formation in ‘normal’ high-redshift galaxies
Kruijssen, J. M. D. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2026 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Post–T Tauri Stars in the Nearest OB Association
Mamajek, E. E., Meyer, M. R., & Liebert, J. (2002) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/341952 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
HYDROGEN GREENHOUSE PLANETS BEYOND THE HABITABLE ZONE
Pierrehumbert, R., & Gaidos, E. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/734/1/l13 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Pre-main-sequence isochrones – II. Revising star and planet formation time-scales
Bell, C. P. M., Naylor, T., Mayne, N. J., Jeffries, R. D., & Littlefair, S. P. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1075 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
THE Hf-W ISOTOPIC SYSTEM AND THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH AND MOON
Jacobsen, S. B. (2005) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122614 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Hartigan, P., & Kenyon, S. J. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/345293 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Batygin, K., Adams, F. C., Brown, M. E., & Becker, J. C. (2019) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2019.01.009 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Debris disks as signposts of terrestrial planet formation
Raymond, S. N., Armitage, P. J., Moro-Martín, A., Booth, M., Wyatt, M. C., Armstrong, J. C., Mandell, A. M., Selsis, F., & West, A. A. (2011) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116456 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Origin of Saturn's Rings and Inner Moons by Mass Removal from a Lost Titan-Sized Satellite
Canup, R. M. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09661 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
The naked planet Earth: Most essential pre-requisite for the origin and evolution of life
Maruyama, S., Ikoma, M., Genda, H., Hirose, K., Yokoyama, T., & Santosh, M. (2013) · Geoscience Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2012.11.001 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Investigating Disk Evolution: A High Spatial Resolution Mid‐Infrared Survey of T Tauri Stars
McCabe, C., Ghez, A. M., Prato, L., Duchene, G., Fisher, R. S., & Telesco, C. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/498207 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
- Authors
- Haisch, Jr., Lada, E. A., & Lada, C. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (US)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2001-06-01
- Volume
- 553
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- L153-L156
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2067724125
- Cited by
- 1,723
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 77
- FWCI
- 31.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9733367)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Florida Space Grant Consortium
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Keywords
- circumstellar disks, disk lifetime, young stellar clusters, NGC 2264, NGC 2362, NGC 2024, Trapezium cluster, IC 348, disk fraction, planet formation timescales, stellar ages
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
