Cited by 913Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesTraumatic Brain Injury ResearchAutomotive and Human Injury Biomechanics

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Clinical Trials in Head Injury

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Narayan, Raj K., Michel, Mary Ellen, Ansell, Beth, Baethmann, Alex, Biegon, Anat, Bracken, Michael B., Bullock, M. Ross, Choi, Sung C., Clifton, Guy L., Contant, Charles F., Coplin, William M., Dietrich, W. Dalton, Ghajar, Jamshid, Grady, Sean M., Grossman, Robert G., Hall, Edward D., Heetderks, William, Hovda, David A., Jallo, Jack, Katz, Russell L., Knoller, Nachshon, Kochanek, Patrick M., Maas, Andrew I., Majde, Jeannine, Marion, Donald W., Marmarou, Anthony, Marshall, Lawrence F., McIntosh, Tracy K., Miller, Emmy, Mohberg, Noel, Muizelaar, J. Paul, Pitts, Lawrence H., Quinn, Peter, Riesenfeld, Gad, Robertson, Claudia S., Strauss, Kenneth I., Teasdale, Graham, Temkin, Nancy, Tuma, Ronald, Wade, Charles, Walker, Michael D., Weinrich, Michael, Whyte, John, Wilberger, Jack, Young, A. Byron, Yurkewicz, Lorraine·2002·Journal of Neurotrauma

DOI 10.1089/089771502753754037PMC PMC1462953

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Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major public health problem globally. In the United States the incidence of closed head injuries admitted to hospitals is conservatively estimated to be 200 per 100,000 population, and the incidence of penetrating head injury is estimated to be 12 per 100,000, the highest of any developed country in the world. This yields an approximate number of 500,000 new cases each year, a sizeable proportion of which demonstrate significant long-term disabilities. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of proven therapies for this disease. For a variety of reasons, clinical trials for this condition have been difficult to design and perform. Despite promising pre-clinical data, most of the trials that have been performed in recent years have failed to demonstrate any significant improvement in outcomes. The reasons for these failures have not always been apparent and any insights gained were not always shared. It was therefore feared that we were running the risk of repeating our mistakes. Recognizing the importance of TBI, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) sponsored a workshop that brought together experts from clinical, research, and pharmaceutical backgrounds. This workshop proved to be very informative and yielded many insights into previous and future TBI trials. This paper is an attempt to summarize the key points made at the workshop. It is hoped that these lessons will enhance the planning and design of future efforts in this important field of research.

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Causes and outcomes of traumatic brain injuries in Uganda: analysis from a pilot hospital registry
Zia, N., Mehmood, A., Namaganda, R. H., Ssenyonjo, H., Kobusingye, O., & Hyder, A. (2019) · Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open · doi:10.1136/tsaco-2018-000259 · Cited by 27
Transplantation of Embryonic Neural Stem Cells and Differentiated Cells in a Controlled Cortical Impact (CCI) Model of Adult Mouse Somatosensory Cortex
Nasser, M., Ballout, N., Mantash, S., Bejjani, F., Najdi, F., Ramadan, N., Soueid, J., Zibara, K., & Kobeissy, F. H. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00895 · Cited by 30
Effects of FK506 on Hippocampal CA1 Cells Following Transient Global Ischemia/Reperfusion in Wistar Rat
Sharifi, Z., Abolhassani, F., Zarrindast, M., Movassaghi, S., Rahimian, N., & Hassanzadeh, G. (2011) · Stroke Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2012/809417 · Cited by 27
“It is due to the inflammatory response of injured tissues [1].”
Background
Neurotrophin-mediated neuroprotection of hippocampal neurons following traumatic brain injury is not associated with acute recovery of hippocampal function.
Royo, N., Lebold, D., Magge, S. N., Chen, I., Hauspurg, A., Cohen, A. S., & Watson, D. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.06.014 · Cited by 27
“These long-lasting cognitive impairments are among the most debilitating outcomes in patients, yet, to date, no treatment can prevent or counteract these effects in TBI patients (Maas, 2001, Narayan et al., 2002, Tolias and Bullock, 2004).”
Background
Spatiotemporal Pattern of Neuroinflammation After Impact-Acceleration Closed Head Injury in the Rat
Rooker, S., Jander, S., Reempts, J. V. V., Stoll, G., Jorens, P., Borgers, M., & Verlooy, J. (2006) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/mi/2006/90123 · Cited by 27
“Primary damage to the brain is not the only important predictor for outcome but secondary events in the following hours and days may play a major role as well [1, 2].”
BackgroundInfluential
Opportunities for Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury
Verma, A. M. (2000) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200010000-00008 · Cited by 27
Treatment with shCCL20-CCR6 nanodendriplexes and human mesenchymal stem cell therapy improves pathology in mice with repeated traumatic brain injury
Mayilsamy, K., Markoutsa, E., Das, M., Chopade, P., Puro, D., Kumar, A., Gulick, D., Willing, A. E., Mohapatra, S. S., & Mohapatra, S. (2020) · Nanomedicine Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.nano.2020.102247 · Cited by 31
Functional Status Examination versus Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended as Outcome Measures in Traumatic Brain Injuries: How Do They Compare?
Dikmen, S., Machamer, J., Manley, G., Yuh, E., Nelson, L. D., Temkin, N., Adeoye, O., Badjatia, N., Boase, K., Bodien, Y., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2018.6198 · Cited by 26
“The patient is classified on an eight-category scale from death (1), vegetative state (2), lower and upper severe disability (3,4), lower or upper moderate disability (5,6), or lower or upper good recovery (7,8).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibition potentiates cerebrovascular reactivity in chronic traumatic brain injury
Kenney, K., Amyot, F., Moore, C., Haber, M., Turtzo, L., Shenouda, C., Silverman, E., Gong, Y., Qu, B.-X., Harburg, L., et al. (2018) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.541 · Cited by 26
“Consensus conferences have concluded that biomarkers will be critical for the development of effective TBI therapies targeted at injury-specific mechanisms.(6,11) While the mechanisms responsible for functional deficits after TBI are incompletely understood, substantial data indicate that traumatic cerebrovascular inj…”
Background
D-Cycloserine Restores Experience-Dependent Neuroplasticity after Traumatic Brain Injury in the Developing Rat Brain
Maria, N. S. S., Reger, M. L., Cai, Y., Baquing, M. A. T., Buen, F., Ponnaluri, A. V. S., Hovda, D. A., Harris, N. G., & Giza, C. C. (2016) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4747 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
Comparison of Neurite Density Measured by MRI and Histology after TBI
Wang, S., Chopp, M., Nazem‐Zadeh, M., Ding, G., Nejad‐Davarani, S. P., Qu, C., Lü, M., Li, L., Davoodi‐Bojd, E., Hu, J., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063511 · Cited by 23
“Treatment has primarily focused on acute therapeutic intervention to reduce cellular damage and brain edema [1].”
Background
The Neurological Outcome Scale for Traumatic Brain Injury (NOS-TBI): II. Reliability and Convergent Validity
McCauley, S., Wilde, E., Kelly, T. M., Weyand, A., Yallampalli, R., Waldron, E., Pedroza, C., Schnelle, K. P., Boake, C., Levin, H., et al. (2010) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2009.1195 · Cited by 26
“…al., 2010a), a standardized measure of neurological functioning in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) does not exist, which, coupled with the general lack of assessment of neurological functioning in these patients, has impeded progress in intervention trials for TBI (Narayan et al., 2002).”
Prediction of raised intracranial pressure complicating severe traumatic brain injury in children: Implications for trial design*
Forsyth, R., Parslow, R., Tasker, R., Hawley, C., & Morris, K. (2008) · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.pcc.0000298759.78616.3a · Cited by 26
“The disappointing results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of neuroprotective therapies in TBI (4, 5) highlight two challenges.”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of Methylphenidate on Cognitive Function in Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Meta-Analysis
Chien, Y.-J., Chien, Y.-C., Liu, C.-T., Wu, H.-C., Chang, C., & Wu, M. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9110291 · Cited by 27
“National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke had recommended the use of GOSe as an outcome measurement after TBI [40].”
Method
Bridging the gap: Mechanisms of plasticity and repair after pediatric TBI
Maria, N. S. S., Sargolzaei, S., Prins, M. L., Dennis, E. L., Asarnow, R. F., Hovda, D. A., Harris, N. G., & Giza, C. C. (2019) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.04.016 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
Neuroimaging of Traumatic Brain Injury
Douglas, D., Ro, T., Toffoli, T., Krawchuk, B., Muldermans, J., Gullo, J., Dulberger, A. R., Anderson, A., Douglas, P. K., & Wintermark, M. (2018) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci7010002 · Cited by 62
Does progesterone improve outcome in diffuse axonal injury?
Soltani, Z., Shahrokhi, N., Karamouzian, S., Khaksari, M., Mofid, B., Nakhaee, N., & Reihani, H. (2017) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2016.1213421 · Cited by 25
“may play a role as confounding factors in human TBI, leading to different results of these clinical studies with this study [37,38].”
Result
A Combination Therapy of 17β-Estradiol and Memantine Is More Neuroprotective Than Monotherapies in an Organotypic Brain Slice Culture Model of Traumatic Brain Injury
Lamprecht, M. R., & Morrison, B. (2015) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2015.3912 · Cited by 23
“providing a benefit to patients, compared to those receiving a placebo).(7) These failures could be owing to many factors, including lack of understanding of the underlying injury mechanisms, inad-”
The role of cell-free DNA measured by a fluorescent test in the management of isolated traumatic head injuries
Shaked, G., Douvdevani, A., Yair, S., Zlotnik, A., & Czeiger, D. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/1757-7241-22-21 · Cited by 25
“Currently, the basic classification of TBI patients is based on neurological injury severity criteria with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) being the most commonly used scale for prognostic and follow-up evaluations, and to enroll patients into clinical trials [2-5].”
Background
Effects of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib on cell death following traumatic brain injury in the rat
Kunz, T., Marklund, N., Hillered, L., & Oliw, E. (2006) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2006-00330 · Cited by 25
“However, pharmaceutical treatment with proven clinical efﬁcacy against secondary brain damage is not yet available [34].”
Recent advances in neuroprotection for treating traumatic brain injury
Cernak, I. (2006) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.15.11.1371 · Cited by 24
“1 Dexanabinol Numerous clinical trials have been conducted in the past without significant effects (see Section 1) [4,6,7].”
Background
Therapeutic effects of eugenol in a rat model of traumatic brain injury: A behavioral, biochemical, and histological study
Barot, J., & Saxena, B. (2021) · Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.01.003 · Cited by 23
Current view and prospect: Implantable pressure sensors for health and surgical care
Honjol, Y., Rajkumar, V. S., Parent‐Harvey, C., Selvasandran, K., Kordlouie, S., Comeau‐Gauthier, M., Harvey, E. J., & Merle, G. E. (2020) · Medical Devices & Sensors · doi:10.1002/mds3.10068 · Cited by 27
“If immediate actions are not taken to decrease the ICP, it can ultimately lead to death (Narayan et al., 2002).”
Background
Neuroimaging of brain trauma
Douglas, D., Muldermans, J., & Wintermark, M. (2018) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000567 · Cited by 17
Lack of mitochondrial ferritin aggravated neurological deficits via enhancing oxidative stress in a traumatic brain injury murine model
Wang, L.-G., Wang, L.-B., Dai, Z., Wu, P., Shi, H.-Z., & Zhao, S. (2017) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20170942 · Cited by 23
Versorgung Schädel-Hirn-Verletzter in Deutschland
Rickels, E., von Wild, K. V., & Wenzlaff, P. (2011) · Der Unfallchirurg · doi:10.1007/s00113-010-1872-y · Cited by 23
Microdialysis in central nervous system disorders and their treatment
McAdoo, D. J., & Wu, P. (2008) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2008.03.001 · Cited by 28
Pilot study to determine the hemodynamic safety and feasibility of magnesium sulfate infusion in children with severe traumatic brain injury*
Natale, J., Guerguerian, A., Joseph, J., McCarter, R., Shao, C., Slomine, B., Christensen, J., Johnston, M., & Shaffner, D. (2007) · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.pcc.0000256620.55512.5f · Cited by 23
“Clinical trials testing strategies to improve recovery after TBI have failed to demonstrate significant improvement in outcome (4).”
Background
Recent Advances and Future Trends in Traumatic Brain Injury
Tabish, S. A., & Syed, N. (2015) · Emergency Medicine Open Access · doi:10.4172/2165-7548.1000229 · Cited by 23
“, MSCs, neural stem cells) or other approaches (physical or electric stimulation) [102].”
Background
Rescuing neurons and glia: is inhibition of apoptosis useful?
Kövesdi, E., Czeiter, E., Tamás, A., Reglődi, D., Szellár, D., Pál, J., Bukovics, P., Doczi, T. P., & Büki, A. (2007) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)61006-6 · Cited by 19
Perfusion Imaging in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury
Douglas, D., Chaudhari, R., Zhao, J. M., Gullo, J., Kirkland, J. D., Douglas, P. K., Wolin, E. A., Walroth, J., & Wintermark, M. (2017) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nic.2017.09.002 · Cited by 28
Administering hypertonic saline to patients with severe traumatic brain injury.
Mortimer, D., & Jancik, J. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience Nursing · doi:10.1097/01376517-200606000-00002 · Cited by 22
“The occurrence of devastating secondary events accounts for the fact that inpatient mortality rates continue at an alarming 25%–33%, even at the best head injury centers in the country (Narayan et al., 2002).”
Background
Traumatic Brain Injury Temporal Proteome Guides KCC2-Targeted Therapy
Lizhnyak, P. N., Muldoon, P. P., Pilaka, P. P., Povlishock, J., & Ottens, A. K. (2019) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2019.6415 · Cited by 21
“More precise therapeutic approaches are regarded as necessary to address the lack of effective outcomes from randomized trials.(5,6) Interventions devised around testable mechanisms that can be assessed across time are needed for selective clinical application to whom and when appropriate.”
Background
Enhancement of Brain d -Serine Mediates Recovery of Cognitive Function after Traumatic Brain Injury
Zaltsman, S. L., Slusher, B. S., Atrakchi, D., Rosenblatt, K., Levi, Y., Kesner, E. L., Silva, A. J., Biegon, A. R., & Shohami, E. (2018) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2017.5561 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
German validation of Quality of Life after Brain Injury (QOLIBRI) assessment and associated factors
von Steinbüchel, N., Real, R. G. L., Sasse, N., Wilson, L., Otto, C., Mullins, R., Behr, R., Deinsberger, W., Martínez, R., Puschendorf, W., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176668 · Cited by 22
The effect of Boswellia Serrata on neurorecovery following diffuse axonal injury
Moein, P., Abbasifard, S., Asnaashari, A., Baratian, H., Barekatain, M., Tavakoli, N., & Moein, H. (2013) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2013.825009 · Cited by 21
Broad-spectrum neuroprotection against traumatic brain injury by agonism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
Semple, B. D., & Noble‐Haeusslein, L. J. (2011) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.02.002 · Cited by 19
“…receptors; Neuroprotection; Pioglitazone; Traumatic brain injury Despite an abundance of laboratory and clinical research over the last three decades, an effective neuroprotective agent for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains elusive (Narayan et al., 2002; Maas et al., 2010).”
Background
Serum albumin improves recovery from spinal cord injury
Cain, L., Nie, L., Hughes, M. G., Johnson, K. M., Echetebu, C., Xu, G.-Y., Hulsebosch, C., & Mcadoo, D. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.21265 · Cited by 21
Gut microbiota-brain interaction: An emerging immunotherapy for traumatic brain injury
Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Peng, J., Gerner, S. T., Yin, S., & Jiang, Y. Q. (2020) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113585 · Cited by 26
Tanshinone IIA Promotes M2 Microglia by ERβ/IL-10 Pathway and Attenuates Neuronal Loss in Mouse TBI Model
Chen, M., Chen, Q., & Tao, T. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s265478 · Cited by 22
“Materials and Methods: Forty C57BL/6 mice were used to investigate the effect of TNA on microglia polarization in TBI.”
BackgroundInfluential
Characterizing Brain Structures and Remodeling after TBI Based on Information Content, Diffusion Entropy
Fozouni, N., Chopp, M., Nejad‐Davarani, S. P., Zhang, Z. G., Lehman, N. L., Gu, S., Ueno, Y., Lü, M., Ding, G., Li, L., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076343 · Cited by 23
“Current research in brain injury has been restricted to acute neuroprotection treatment with a short treatment window [44,45].”
Background
A meta-analysis of treating acute traumatic brain injury with calcium channel blockers.
Xu, G.-Z., Wang, M.-D., Liu, K.-Y., Bai, Y.-A., Wu, W., & Li, W. (2013) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.09.011 · Cited by 20
“…Ca2+ overloads and ts) Withdrawals/drop-outs (0–1 points) Total scorea (0–5 points) 0 4 1 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 4 1 5 0 3 0 4 44 G.-Z. Xu et al. / Brain Research Bulletin 99 (2013) 41– 47 roup p a p v s t e bating secondary brain damage, further brain injury may be revented (Narayan et al., 2002).”
Concussive Injury before or after Controlled Cortical Impact Exacerbates Histopathology and Functional Outcome in a Mixed Traumatic Brain Injury Model in Mice
Dapul, H. R., Park, J., Zhang, J., Lee, C., Daneshmand, A., Lok, J. M., Ayata, C., Gray, T., Scalzo, A., Qiu, J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2012.2536 · Cited by 20
“Nonetheless, because our model features sequential and not concomitantly produced injuries, we cannot claim that the sequential injury model reported here precisely models the clinical scenario in which concussion and contusion occur simultaneously in patients with TBI.”
Influential
Models of CNS injury in the nonhuman primate: A new era for treatment strategies
Teo, L., Rosenfeld, J. V., & Bourne, J. A. (2012) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.2478/s13380-012-0023-z · Cited by 17
THE EFFECTS OF POSTTRAUMATIC HYPOTHERMIA ON DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY FOLLOWING PARASAGGITAL FLUID PERCUSSION BRAIN INJURY IN RATS
Bramlett, H., & Dietrich, W. (2012) · Therapeutic Hypothermia and Temperature Management · doi:10.1089/ther.2012.0002 · Cited by 20
Self-citation

Authors: Narayan, R. K., Michel, M. E., Ansell, B., Baethmann, A., Biegon, A., Bracken, M. B., Bullock, M. R., Choi, S. C., Clifton, G. L., Contant, C. F., Coplin, W. M., Dietrich, W. D., Ghajar, J., Grady, S. M., Grossman, R. G., Hall, E. D., Heetderks, W., Hovda, D. A., Jallo, J., Katz, R. L., Knoller, N., Kochanek, P. M., Maas, A. I., Majde, J., Marion, D. W., Marmarou, A., Marshall, L. F., McIntosh, T. K., Miller, E., Mohberg, N., Muizelaar, J. P., Pitts, L. H., Quinn, P., Riesenfeld, G., Robertson, C. S., Strauss, K. I., Teasdale, G., Temkin, N., Tuma, R., Wade, C., Walker, M. D., Weinrich, M., Whyte, J., Wilberger, J., Young, A. B., & Yurkewicz, L.
Affiliations: Temple University Hospital (US)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
Yale University (US)
Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
Baylor College of Medicine (US)
Wayne State University (US)
University of Miami (US)
Brain Trauma Foundation (US)
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (US)
Pfizer (United States) (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Temple University (US)
United States Food and Drug Administration (US)
Sheba Medical Center (IL)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
Academisch Ziekenhuis Rotterdam (NL)
Office of Naval Research (US)
University of California San Diego (US)
University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Southern General Hospital (GB)
University of Washington (US)
Allegheny General Hospital (US)
Albert B. Chandler Hospital (US)
ORCID: Narayan, Raj K.
Biegon, Anat
Choi, Sung C.
Dietrich, W. Dalton
Grady, Sean M.
Grossman, Robert G.
Heetderks, William
Jallo, Jack
Kochanek, Patrick M.
Maas, Andrew I.
Marion, Donald W.
McIntosh, Tracy K.
Robertson, Claudia S.
Temkin, Nancy
Wade, Charles
Walker, Michael D.
Weinrich, Michael
Whyte, John
Venue: Journal of Neurotrauma
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-05
Volume: 19
Issue: 5
Pages: 503-557
ISSN: 0897-7151 (ISSN-L)
1557-9042
DOI: 10.1089/089771502753754037
PMC: PMC1462953
OpenAlex: W2045663952
Cited by: 913
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 61
FWCI: 20.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Neurotrauma (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (7r01ns038654-04)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01-NS038654)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
Keywords: traumatic brain injury, clinical trial design, closed head injury, penetrating head injury, translational research, treatment failure, long-term disability
MeSH terms: Brain Injuries, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans

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