The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Interferon-α and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFN alpha) is the main therapeutic agent in patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It is rather safe, but is known to induce the production of autoantibodies and can lead to the occurrence of autoimmune disease. This minireview focuses on the induction of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) in HCV-infected patients treated with IFN alpha. Females carry a higher risk to develop AITD upon IFN alpha treatment, with a relative risk of 4.4 (95% confidence interval 3.2-5.9). The presence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies before therapy has a relative risk for AITD of 3.9 (95% confidence interval 1.9-8.1). IFN alpha-associated AITD can consist of autoimmune primary hypothyroidism, Graves' hyperthyroidism, and destructive thyroiditis, with hypothyroidism being the most common side effect. The clear association between AITD and IFN alpha use suggests that high endogenous IFN alpha levels may also be associated with naturally occurring AITD. High endogenous IFN alpha levels are seen in patients infected with certain viruses. It is concluded that IFN alpha is one of the environmental factors capable of triggering the onset of AITD in genetically susceptible individuals.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In a review of published cases from eight series, 69% of 49 patients with IFN-a-associated thyrotoxicosis for whom an etiology was identified were found to have GD, based on either positive TRAb titers or requirement for a prolonged course of ATDs ( 640).”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [640]
Citations
Cites
Lauer, G. M., & Walker, B. D. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200107053450107 · Cited by 3,033
An overview of the immune system
Parkin, J., & Cohen, B. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04904-7 · Cited by 1,593
Interferons α and β as Immune Regulators—A New Look
Biron, C. A. (2001) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00154-6 · Cited by 666
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Further Developments in Our Understanding*
Weetman, A. P., & McGregor, A. M. (1994) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-15-6-788 · Cited by 656
Fattovich, G., Giustina, G., Favarato, S., & Ruol, A. (1996) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(96)80184-x · Cited by 483
Side effects of high-dose interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C
Okanoue, T., Sakamoto, S., Itoh, Y., Minami, M., Yasui, K., Sakamoto, M., Nishioji, K., Katagishi, T., Nakagawa, Y., Tada, H., et al. (1996) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(96)80113-9 · Cited by 456
Molecular Pathways in Virus-Induced Cytokine Production
Mogensen, T. H., & Paludan, S. R. (2001) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.65.1.131-150.2001 · Cited by 418
Side effects of α interferon in chronic hepatitis C
Dusheiko, G. M. (1997) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.510260720 · Cited by 394
Autoimmune thyroid disease: further developments in our understanding
Weetman, A. P. (1994) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.15.6.788 · Cited by 216
Marazuela, M., Garcı́a-Buey, L., González‐Fernández, B., García‐Monzón, C., Arranz, A., Borque, M. J., & Moreno‐Otero, R. (1996) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.751768.x · Cited by 210
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ross, D. S., Burch, H. B., Cooper, D. S., Greenlee, M. C., Laurberg, P., Maia, A. L., Rivkees, S. A., Samuels, M., Sosa, J. A., Stan, M. N., et al. (2016) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0229 · Cited by 2,938
“In a review of published cases from eight series, 69% of 49 patients with IFN-a–associated thyrotoxicosis for whom an etiology was identified were found to have GD, based on either positive TRAb titers or requirement for a prolonged course of ATDs (640).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBahn, R. S., Burch, H. B., Cooper, D. S., Garber, J. R., Greenlee, M. C., Klein, I., Laurberg, P., McDougall, I. R., Montori, V. M., Rivkees, S. A., et al. (2011) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.17.3.456 · Cited by 1,098
Self-citationThe American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Taskforce on Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis, Bahn, R. S., Burch, H. B., Cooper, D. S., Garber, J. R., Greenlee, M. C., Klein, I., Laurberg, P., McDougall, I. R., Montori, V. M., et al. (2011) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2010.0417 · Cited by 898
Self-citationCross-regulation of TNF and IFN-α in autoimmune diseases
Palucka, K., Blanck, J.-P., Bennett, L. B., Pascual, V., & Banchereau, J. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0408506102 · Cited by 518
The environment and autoimmune thyroid diseases
Prummel, M. F., Strieder, T. G. A., & Wiersinga, W. M. (2004) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1500605 · Cited by 298
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Prummel, M. F., & Laurberg, P.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Aalborg University Hospital (DK)
- Venue
- Thyroid
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 547-551
- ISSN
- 1050-7256 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-9077
- OpenAlex
- W1805116264
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 8.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Thyroid (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatitis C virus research
- Keywords
- interferon-alpha, autoimmune thyroid disease, hepatitis C virus, drug-induced autoimmunity, thyroid peroxidase antibodies, primary hypothyroidism, Graves' disease, destructive thyroiditis, sex differences, genetic susceptibility
- MeSH terms
- Autoantibodies, Autoimmune Diseases, Hepatitis C, Humans, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Thyroid Diseases, Viruses, Incidence, Interferon-alpha
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
