Presence and Reality Judgment in Virtual Environments: A Unitary Construct?

Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire

Witmer, B. G., & Singer, M. J. (1998) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474698565686 · Cited by 6,371

Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence

Steuer, J. (1992) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00812.x · Cited by 5,459

Being There: The Subjective Experience of Presence

Heeter, C. (1992) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres.1992.1.2.262 · Cited by 1,457

Restrained and unrestrained eating1

Herman, C. P., & Mack, D. (1975) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00727.x · Cited by 1,295

Communication in the age of virtual reality

Biocca, F., & Levy, M. R. (1995) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410603128 · Cited by 576

Fear of spiders’ questionnaire

Szymanski, J., & O'Donohue, W. (1995) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)00072-t · Cited by 450

Virtual reality and tactile augmentation in the treatment of spider phobia: a case report

Carlin, A. S., Hoffman, H. G., & Weghorst, S. J. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00085-x · Cited by 442

Defining virtual reality: dimensions determining telepresence

Steuer, J. (1995) · Cited by 295

Virtual reality treatment of claustrophobia: a case report

Botella, C., Baños, R. M., Perpiñá, C., Villa, H., Alcañiz, M., & Rey, A. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10006-7 · Cited by 247

Being There: The Subjective Experience of Presence.

Heater, C. (1992) · Cited by 230

Methodological and institutional considerations for the use of 360-degree video and pet animals in human subject research: An experimental case study from the United States

Swobodzinski, M., Maruyama, M., & Mankowski, E. S. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01458-5 · Cited by 2

Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, and Driving Phobia: Lessons Learned From Efficacy Studies

Wiederhold, B. K., & Bouchard, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-8023-6_8 · Cited by 2

Magic, Superpowers, or Empowerment? A Conceptual Framework for Magic Interaction Techniques

Dewitz, B., Karaosmanoglu, S., Lindeman, R. W., & Steinicke, F. (2023) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW) · doi:10.1109/vrw58643.2023.00246 · Cited by 2

Listening, corporeality and presence.

Turner, P., Turner, S., & Mcgregor, I. P. (2007) · Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) · doi:10.17869/enu.236621 · Cited by 2

Melodramatic animation, presence and sympathy for crime victims in news: An experiment with adolescents in Hong Kong

Han, L. W., & Lun, C. B. K. (2020) · Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies · doi:10.1386/ajms_00028_1 · Cited by 1

Presence, flow, and narrative absorption questionnaires: a scoping reviewPreprint

Pianzola, F. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/8xvtp · Cited by 2

Use of XR's Technologies for Consumer Behavior Analysis

Gil‐Lopez, C., Guixeres, J., Marín‐Morales, J., & Alcañíz, M. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119865810.ch12 · Cited by 2

Admission and discharge profiles of people with MS accessing in-patient rehabilitation in Canada

Mate, K., Ow, N., Hum, S., & Mayo, N. E. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.105008 · Cited by 1

Heavy Looks, Slower Moves: Effects of Physical and Visual Object Weight on Pointing in Virtual Reality

Kalus, A., Lanzinger, M., Rolny, L., Strasser, B., Wolf, K., Henze, N., & Bogon, J. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3720211 · Cited by 1

Perceived Augmented Realism and Technology Fluidity: Enhancing Purchase Intentions in Mobile Augmented Reality Shopping Among Chinese Consumers

Yu, L., & Chatpunyakul, C. (2025) · International Conference on Computer Science, Engineering, and Education (CSEE) · doi:10.1109/csee64583.2025.00023 · Cited by 1

Designing Emotional Engagement in Virtual Reality: Exploring Emotional Design in HwicceyRealm

Song, H. (2024) · International Symposium of Chinese CHI (Chinese CHI) · doi:10.1145/3758871.3758890 · Cited by 1

Virtual body ownership affects the processing of sensorimotor contingencies and goal-oriented information extraction, but not semantics

Pouke, M., Nardi, A., Gehrke, L., Gramann, K., Ojala, T., & LaValle, S. M. (2026) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121715 · Cited by 1

Virtual Reality and Exercise: Impacts on Affective Responses, Ratings of Perceived Exertion, Attention, and Rowing Performance

Junkersfeld, S. E., & Braun-Trocchio, R. (2026) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2025.2601884 · Cited by 1

Using virtual reality to simulate performance pressure in experienced football players

Shields, A. U., Neumann, D. L., & Stainer, M. J. (2026) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2026.2665673 · Cited by 1

O Eu e os Outros Eus: A experiência de Self e Presença em Ambientes Virtuais

Filho, P. G. D. S. (2008) · RENOTE · doi:10.22456/1679-1916.14391 · Cited by 1

Transcranial Doppler: a Non-Invasive Tool for Monitoring Brain Activity in Virtual Reality Therapy

Naranjo, V. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroengineering · doi:10.3389/conf.neuro.14.2009.06.083 · Cited by 1

The Marketing Effects of Virtual Reality Experiences on promoting tourism destination

Chang, H. H. (2019) · Scholarworks (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · Cited by 1

„The feeling of being there“: Presence-Erleben als Folge kognitiver und emotionaler Verarbeitungsprozesse

Höfer, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-25963-1_4 · Cited by 1

Raising insects with an application to enhance students’ self-confidence in interacting with insects

Hong, J., Hwang, M., Tai, K., & Ye, J. (2019) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2019.1687524 · Cited by 1

User Perceive Realism of Machine Learning-based Drone Dynamic Simulator

Sandaruwan, D., Kodikara, N. D., Radeeshani, P., Mahima, K. T. Y., Suduwella, C., Pitigala, S., & Jayasundara, M. (2023) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2023.0140196 · Cited by 1

Individual differences in virtual environments. An experimental research on emotions, behaviour and sense of presence in Second Life

Strepparava, M. G., Harb, M., Russo, S. A., Zorzi, F., & Rizzi, A. (2007) · BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) · Cited by 1

The Effect of a Virtual Reality Intervention on Evoking Positive Emotions and the Mediating Role of Presence

Deiters, J. A. (2016) · Cited by 1

Understanding interactive experiences: Perceived interactivity and presence with and without other avatars in the online virtual world Second Life

Robinette, J. L. (2011) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)

Contributions to the Development of Objective Techniques for Presence Measurement in Virtual Environments by means of Brain Activity Analysis

Solaz, B. R. (2010) · doi:10.4995/thesis/10251/8505

A Methodological Proposal to Evaluate the Postural Response in Virtual Reality

Filgueiras, E., Rebelo, F., & Duarte, E. (2010) · Advances in human factors and ergonomics series · doi:10.1201/ebk1439834916-c82

Evolution of the intellectual structure of logistics information system studies: Themes, concepts and relationships

Hu, F.-J., Lin, T.-Y., Wu, S., & Yip, M. F. (2016) · International Conference on Applied System Innovation · doi:10.1109/icasi.2016.7539875

Designing attractive stores : How the spatial layout of physical stores affects consumers’ responses

Ploydanai, K. (2019) · doi:10.18174/476192

Novel supports to the assessment of cognitive functions through the combined use of technologies and subjective and objective measurements

Giglioli, I. A. C. (2020) · RiuNet (Universitat Politècnica de València) · doi:10.4995/thesis/10251/139075

A REVIEW ON VEHICLE AGENT

Mishra, A., Awasthi, A. M., & Bajpai, A. (2020) · International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology · doi:10.33564/ijeast.2020.v05i07.041

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de uma interface para controle de cadeira de rodas motorizada por meio de movimentos da cabeça

dos Santos, E. F. (2021) · doi:10.14393/ufu.di.2021.6009

Efecto de un entrenamiento con realidad virtual por medio de exergames en el balance la anticipación e imagen corporal en futbolistas

Solano, C., & Katherin, L. (2021)

Chaper 11 Popular Media and Telepresence: Future Considerations

Bracken, C. C. (2010) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203892336-21

A methodological proposal to evaluate the postural response in virtual reality

Salvendy, G., & Karwowski, W. (2016) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/ebk1439834916-84

An Internet-delivered treatment for Flying Phobia using 360º images: a feasibility study

Mor, S. (2022) · doi:10.6035/14109.2022.366833

A study on virtual reality equipment enhancing the gaming and sports experience amongst the users

Joshi, S., & Sandhane, R. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0110612

The Past Present and Future of Virtual and Augmented Reality

Chiplunkar, M. Z., & Butala, M. S. (2023) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Science Communication and Technology · doi:10.48175/ijarsct-8154

The Ethics Behind Neuroethics, Neurobioethics, Sensory Enhancement, and Surrogate Realities

(2023) · Advances in medical education, research, and ethics (AMERE) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-4808-3.ch017

Human Development for the Brave: Supporting the Generation of Empathy, Work in Development

Useche, J. C., Figueroa, P., & Parra-Agudelo, L. (2023) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36357-3_9

The Use of Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Eating Disorders

Marta, F.-G. I. A., & Gutiérrez‐Maldonado, J. (2012) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-121-2-17

Augmented Reality in Retail: Digital Embodiment and Consumer BehaviorPreprint

Gary, J., Xixing, Z., Moreira, A. C., Gu, Y., & Zhuojun, W. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5247551

The Effectiveness of Desktop Virtual Reality on Colour Cognition and Immersive in Higher Education among Design Students

Niu, T., Zhang, J., & Lu, Y. (2025) · International Conference on Information Technology and Education Technology (ITET) · doi:10.1109/itet65804.2025.11100518

FeelCoilins: Enhancing Virtual Drumming with Ungrounded Force Feedback via Solenoid Actuation

Flügge, J., Hilbrich, L., Kalus, A., & Wolf, K. (2025) · Mensch und Computer (MuC) · doi:10.1145/3743049.3748588

A preliminary study on the effectiveness of a Virtual Reality system to enhance Tonglen compassion practicePreprint

D’elia, Y., Andreu, C. I., Palacios, A., Quintana, I. R., Miralles, I., Fernández-Moyano, J. A., Colombo, D., Herrero, R., Baños, R., Cebolla, A., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7857283/v1

Virtual Nature and Real Emotions: Exploring the Connection Between Realism, Aesthetic Emotions, and Affect Towards Nature-Based Simulated Contents

Mandolfo, M., Bettiga, D., Reali, P., Chirico, A., & Sarcinella, E. D. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05778-5_10

Showing Eye Movement Modelling Examples in Virtual Reality Increases Quiet Eye Duration and Improves Real World Motor Skill Performance

Bennett, J. W., Neumann, D. L., & Stainer, M. J. (2025) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125251392995

Enhancing compassion meditation through virtual reality and sensory priming: A focus on individual factors

Palacios, A., Martínez‐Gregorio, S., Andreu, C. I., Colombo, D., Cebolla, A., Baños, R., & Wrzesien, M. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100657

Investigating Immersion, interactivity and Accessibility in Virtual Reality TheatrePreprint

Fahim, A. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7027108

Refugio: a voice-driven generative virtual reality “safe place” for personalized emotion regulation – feasibility and usability study

Mora, P., Ivorra, E., Parra, E., Soldevila-Matías, P., & Alcañíz, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2026.1760765

Etude et conception d'environnements de formation pertinents en Réalité Virtuelle

Taupiac, J.-D. (2020) · doi:10.70675/cd539af2zd708z4bfbzafffzbe7c4f2521f6

Les effets de l’expérience de téléprésence sur internet sur les émotions, les attitudes et les intentions comportementales des touristes : le cas du tourisme domestique en Égypte

Hashish, Y. (2019) · doi:10.70675/8a5e199bz8dbdz4203z9096z5726804e8e9c

Utilisation de l'amorçage dans le développement des comportements prosociaux en réalité virtuelle : effet sur le sentiment de présence et la perception des agents virtuels

Cerda, L. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3d2fbe76z9070z4f87z9f8bz9ae60507b472

Vers un modèle unifié de la présence spatiale et de ses facteurs : application à l’étude de la téléprésence en environnements immersifs

Khenak, N. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/67ed1877zde44z4993z8109zd0a44df9860e

A preliminary study on the effectiveness of a virtual reality system to enhance Tonglen compassion practice

D’elia, Y., Andreu, C. I., Palacios, A., Remolar, I., Miralles, I., Fernández-Moyano, J. A., Colombo, D., Herrero, R., Baños, R., Cebolla, A., et al. (2026) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-026-01400-8 · Cited by 1

Democratizing luxury in the metaverse: when virtual access is associated with lower offline perceived brand luxury

Fukuda, R., & Akamatsu, N. (2026) · Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1108/jrim-12-2025-0775

Creating a Turing-Type Test for Virtual Environments

Sonnenfeld, N. A. (2016) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.4054698

Presence Is Reality: Rethinking Virtual and Real-World Consciousness

Singleton, O., & Fotopoulou, A. (2026) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916251414030 · Cited by 2

Using Presence Questionnaires in Reality

Usoh, M., Catena, E., Arman, S., & Slater, M. (2000) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/105474600566989 · Cited by 985

A Survey of Presence and Related Concepts

Skarbez, R., Brooks, F. P., & Whitton, M. C. (2017) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3134301 · Cited by 571

Presence : concept, determinants and measurement

IJsselsteijn, W. A., de Ridder, H., Freeman, J., Avons, S. E., Rogowitz, B. E., & Pappas, T. N. (2000) · Cited by 85