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Submicron Magnetite Grains and Carbon Compounds in Martian Meteorite ALH84001: Inorganic, Abiotic Formation by Shock and Thermal Metamorphism
Abstract
Purported biogenic features of the ALH84001 Martian meteorite (the carbonate globules, their submicron magnetite grains, and organic matter) have reasonable inorganic origins, and a comprehensive hypothesis is offered here. The carbonate globules were deposited from hydrothermal water, without biological mediation. Thereafter, ALH84001 was affected by an impact shock event, which raised its temperature nearly instantaneously to 500-700K, and induced iron-rich carbonate in the globules to decompose to magnetite and other minerals. The rapidity of the temperature increase caused magnetite grains to nucleate in abundance; hence individual crystals were very small. Nucleation and growth of magnetite crystals were fastest along edges and faces of the precursor carbonate grains, forcing the magnetite grains to be platy or elongated, including the "truncated hexa-octahedra" shape. ALH84001 had formed at some depth within Mars where the lithostatic pressure was significantly above that of Mars' surface. Also, because the rock was at depth, the impact heat dissipated slowly. During this interval, magnetite crystals approached chemical equilibria with surrounding minerals and gas. Their composition, nearly pure Fe(3)O(4), reflects those of equilibria; elements that substitute into magnetite are either absent from iron-rich carbonate (e.g., Ti, Al, Cr), or partitioned into other minerals during magnetite formation (Mg, Mn). Many microstructural imperfections in the magnetite grains would have annealed out as the rock cooled. In this post-shock thermal regime, carbon-bearing gas from the decomposition of iron carbonates reacted with water in the rock (or from its surroundings) to produce organic matter via Fischer-Tropschlike reactions. Formation of such organic compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons would have been catalyzed by the magnetite (formation of graphite, the thermochemically stable phase, would be kinetically hindered).
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Thermodynamic calculations and experimental data on the thermal breakdown of siderite show that PAHs, graphite, and MMC are produced.
“Thermodynamic calculations and experimental data on the thermal breakdown of siderite show that PAHs, graphite, and MMC are produced”
From Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard (2007) · cites this paper as Treiman 2003
One event, known as the I3 shock event, would have produced a heat pulse between 200 and 450 °C with pressures of up to 50 GPa, which should decompose siderite to magnetite and CO2, as well as produce the observed PAHs.
“One event, known as the I3 shock event, would have produced a heat pulse between 200 and 450 °C with pressures of up to 50 GPa, which should decompose siderite to magnetite and CO 2 , as well as produce the observed PAHs (Treiman 2003).”
From Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard (2007) · cites this paper as Treiman 2003
Brearley (2003) proposed that during this heating event, the meteorite was experiencing considerable thermal heterogeneity.
“Concomitant to the shock event, Brearley (2003) proposed that during this heating event, the meteorite was experiencing considerable thermal heterogeneity, a factor expanded upon by Treiman (2003).”
From Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard (2007) · cites this paper as Treiman 2003
Citations
Cites
Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001
McKay, D. S., Gibson, E. K., Thomas-Keprta, K. L., Vali, H., Romanek, C. S., Clemett, S. J., Chillier, X. D. F., Maechling, C. R., & Zare, R. N. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.273.5277.924 · Cited by 1,883 · cited 9×
“whiskers, blades, and plates (Bradley et al., 1996, 1998; McKay et al., 1996; Thomas-Keprta et al., 2000).”
InfluentialControlling chaos in the Belousov—Zhabotinsky reaction
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The Age of the Carbonates in Martian Meteorite ALH84001
Borg, L. E., Connelly, J. N., Nyquist, L. E., Shih, C.-Y., Wiesmann, H., & Reese, Y. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.90 · Cited by 190
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Bada, J. L., Glavin, D. P., McDonald, G. D., & Becker, L. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.279.5349.362 · Cited by 179
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“ALHA84001 contains a small quantity of organic carbon (e.g., Jull et al ., 1998; Becker et al ., 1999), some of which is associated with the carbonate globules and the fractures they occupy (McKay et al ., 1996; Clemett et al ., 1998).”
The origin of organic matter in the Martian meteorite ALH84001
Becker, L., Popp, B., Rust, T., & Bada, J. L. (1999) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(99)00014-x · Cited by 68
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Wright, K. E., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Wright, K. E., Adamala, K., Arina de la Rubia, L., Bond, J., Dartnell, L. R., Goldman, A. D., Lynch, K., et al. (2016) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2015.1460 · Cited by 136
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Metadata
- Authors
- Treiman, A. H.
- Affiliations
- Lunar and Planetary Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Treiman, Allan H.
- ORCID
- Treiman, Allan H.
- Venue
- Astrobiology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 369-392
- ISSN
- 1531-1074 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-8070
- OpenAlex
- W2175497496
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Astrobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NASA Astrobiology Institute
- Johnson Space Center
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies
- Keywords
- ALH84001, Martian meteorites, magnetite, carbonate globules, shock metamorphism, contact metamorphism, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, graphite, Mars subsurface, overburden pressure, organic matter
- MeSH terms
- Carbonates, Hot Temperature, Iron, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Oxides, Thermodynamics, Carbon Compounds, Inorganic, Mars, Meteoroids, Ferrosoferric Oxide
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