Taurine Chloramine Stimulates Efferocytosis Through Upregulation of Nrf2-Mediated Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Murine Macrophages: Possible Involvement of Carbon Monoxide
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Aims: To examine the pro-resolving effects of taurine chloramine (TauCl). Results: TauCl injected into the peritoneum of mice enhanced the resolution of zymosan A-induced peritonitis. Furthermore, when the macrophages obtained from peritoneal exudates were treated with TauCl, their efferocytic ability was elevated. In the murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells exposed to TauCl, the proportion of macrophages engulfing the apoptotic neutrophils was also increased. In these macrophages treated with TauCl, expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was elevated along with increased nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). TauCl binds directly to Kelch-like ECH association protein 1 (Keap1), which appears to retard the Keap1-driven degradation of Nrf2. This results in stabilization and enhanced nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and upregulation of HO-1 expression. TauCl, when treated to peritoneal macrophages isolated from either Nrf2 or HO-1 wild-type mice, stimulated efferocytosis (phagocytic engulfment of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages), but not in the macrophages from Nrf2 or HO-1 knockout mice. Furthermore, transcriptional expression of some scavenger receptors recognizing the phosphatidylserines exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells was increased in RAW264.7 cells treated with TauCl. Pharmacologic inhibition of HO-1 activity or knockdown of HO-1 gene in RAW264.7 cells abolished the TauCl-induced efferocytosis, whereas both overexpression of HO-1 and treatment with carbon monoxide (CO), the product of HO, potentiated the efferocytic activity of macrophages. Innovation: This work provides the first evidence that TauCl stimulates efferocytosis by macrophages. The results of this study suggest the therapeutic potential of TauCl in the management of inflammatory disorders. Conclusion: TauCl can facilitate resolution of inflammation by increasing the efferocytic activity of macrophages through Nrf2-mediated HO-1 upregulation and subsequent production of CO. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 23, 163–177.
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After engulfing apoptotic cells, macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β to suppress immune responses.
“After engulfing ACs, macrophages secrete a range of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β, to suppress immune responses.24,25”
From Macrophage efferocytosis mediated by the TP63-RAC2 pathway promotes immunosuppressive remodeling in esophageal cancer (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
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“24,25 This immunosuppressive environment helps tumor cells evade immune surveillance and promotes tumor growth.”
- Authors
- Kim, W., Kim, H.-U., Lee, H.-N., Kim, S. H., Kim, C., Cha, Y.-N., Joe, Y., Chung, H. T., Jang, J., Kim, K., Suh, Y.-G., Jin, H.-O., Lee, J. K., & Surh, Y.-J.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Inha University (KR)
- University of Ulsan (KR)
- Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Surh, Young-Joon
- ORCID
- Venue
- Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 163-177
- ISSN
- 1523-0864 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7716
- PMC
- PMC4492774
- OpenAlex
- W2315810631
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 1.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Antioxidants and Redox Signaling (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Aldose Reductase and Taurine
- Keywords
- taurine chloramine, efferocytosis, Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1, carbon monoxide, macrophages, inflammation resolution, Keap1, apoptotic neutrophils, scavenger receptors, phosphatidylserine
- MeSH terms
- Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1, Animals, Carbon Monoxide, Cytoskeletal Proteins, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Inflammation, Macrophages, Phagocytosis, Taurine, Zymosan, Up-Regulation, Macrophages, Peritoneal, Jurkat Cells, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, NF-E2-Related Factor 2, Mice, Heme Oxygenase-1
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