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Constraining the Time Interval for the Origin of Life on Earth
Open accessAbstract
Estimates of the time at which life arose on Earth make use of two types of evidence. First, astrophysical and geophysical studies provide a timescale for the formation of Earth and the Moon, for large impact events on early Earth, and for the cooling of the early magma ocean. From this evidence, we can deduce a habitability boundary, which is the earliest point at which Earth became habitable. Second, biosignatures in geological samples, including microfossils, stromatolites, and chemical isotope ratios, provide evidence for when life was actually present. From these observations we can deduce a biosignature boundary, which is the earliest point at which there is clear evidence that life existed. Studies with molecular phylogenetics and records of the changing level of oxygen in the atmosphere give additional information that helps to determine the biosignature boundary. Here, we review the data from a wide range of disciplines to summarize current information on the timings of these two boundaries. The habitability boundary could be as early as 4.5 Ga, the earliest possible estimate of the time at which Earth had a stable crust and hydrosphere, or as late as 3.9 Ga, the end of the period of heavy meteorite bombardment. The lack of consensus on whether there was a late heavy meteorite bombardment that was significant enough to prevent life is the largest uncertainty in estimating the time of the habitability boundary. The biosignature boundary is more closely constrained. Evidence from carbon isotope ratios and stromatolite fossils both point to a time close to 3.7 Ga. Life must have emerged in the interval between these two boundaries. The time taken for life to appear could, therefore, be within 200 Myr or as long as 800 Myr. Key Words: Origin of life-Astrobiology-Habitability-Biosignatures-Geochemistry-Early Earth. Astrobiology 18, 343-364.
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“but an arbitrarily low rate cannot be robustly excluded25–27 because the chance probability tab∕t⊕ ~ 0.1 is not negligible assuming a constant abiogenesis rate, where tab is the time of abiogenesis elapsed from the birth of Earth28, and t⊕ the present age of Earth.”
From Emergence of life in an inflationary universe (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
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“The recent discovery of a 3.5-billion-year-old hot spring setting on a volcanic plateau that formed in the absence of direct plate tectonic involvement is a good analog for an early Earth volcanic landscape emerging from a global ocean just 500 million years after the approximate time frame we are proposing for life's origins (Pearce et al., 2018; Van Kranendonk et al., 2020).”
From The Hot Spring Hypothesis for an Origin of Life (2020) · cites this paper as Pearce et al., 2018
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Rogers, K. L., Pedreira-Segade, U., Fox, P., Shelley, J. T., Steele, A., & Trail, D. (2021) · doi:10.3847/25c2cfeb.72d8166e · Cited by 2
On the Evolution of the Biological Framework for Insight
Neidhöfer, C. (2021) · Philosophies · doi:10.3390/philosophies6020043 · Cited by 1
Ma, W., & Liang, Y. (2022) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781839164798-00347 · Cited by 2
Imaging nearby, habitable-zone planets with the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer
Ertel, S., Wagner, K., Leisenring, J., Apai, D., Defrère, D., Dietrich, J., Eisner, J. A., Faramaz, V., Hoffmann, W. F., Kasper, M. E., et al. (2022) · SPIE Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging · doi:10.1117/12.2635333 · Cited by 2
On the emergence of eukaryotes and other enigmas
Gollo, G. (2023) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.104958 · Cited by 2
Paredes-Arriaga, A., Negrón-Mendoza, A., Frı́as, D., Rivera, A. L., & Ramos-Bernal, S. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33288 · Cited by 2
The miraculous dynamism of the Qur’an: An example of a modern reading reveals a DNA designation
Chaabani, H. (2019) · International Journal of Modern Anthropology · doi:10.4314/ijma.v12i2.1 · Cited by 2
Tsumura, K. (2020) · doi:10.31223/osf.io/pcj7r · Cited by 2
Prebiotic Gas Flow Environment Enables Isothermal Nucleic Acid ReplicationPreprint
Schwintek, P., Eren, E., Mast, C. B., & Braun, D. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.100152.2 · Cited by 2
Prebiotic gas flow environment enables isothermal nucleic acid replication
Schwintek, P., Eren, E., Mast, C. B., & Braun, D. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2024.06.13.598889 · Cited by 1
Piraine, R. E. A., & Bochman, M. L. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-16015-8.00007-1 · Cited by 1
Information revolutions and their role in the development of humankind
Larin (2025) · Herald of Omsk University · doi:10.24147/1812-3996.2025.1.37-50 · Cited by 1
The ALMA-QUARKS survey: Extensive detection of acetamide in multiple high-mass star-forming regions
Duan, C., Xu, X., Gou, Q., Liu, T., Pagani, L., Xu, F., Wang, K., Liu, X., Kang, J., He, M., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556073 · Cited by 1
Kane, S. R., Ernst, R. E., Gillmann, C., Jones, C. K., Lyons, T. W., & Tino, C. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95547-8.00005-7 · Cited by 1
Tentative detection of the glycine isomer glycolamide in a hot molecular core
Duan, C., Xu, F., Gou, Q., Xu, X., Quan, D., Pagani, L., Chen, X., Kang, J., & Du, J. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202659347 · Cited by 1
From Alcheringa to beyond: 50 years of microbialite research in Western Australia
Allen, H. J., & Martin, S. K. (2026) · Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology · doi:10.1080/03115518.2026.2718451 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Pearce, B. K. D., Tupper, A. S., Pudritz, R. E., & Higgs, P. G.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Venue
- Astrobiology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-03-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 343-364
- ISSN
- 1531-1074 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-8070
- OpenAlex
- W2950877648
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 157
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 6.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Astrobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
- Keywords
- origin of life, early Earth, biosignatures, Late Heavy Bombardment, carbon isotope ratio, stromatolites, microfossils, atmospheric oxygenation, molecular phylogeny, Moon formation, Earth formation
- MeSH terms
- Origin of Life, Carbon Isotopes, Fossils, Phylogeny, Time Factors, Water, Earth, Planet, Exobiology, Evolution, Molecular
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