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Cited by 176Sleep and related disordersCircadian rhythm and melatoninAutism Spectrum Disorder Research

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Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Maras, Athanasios, Schroder, Carmen M., Malow, Beth A., Findling, Robert L., Breddy, John, Nir, Tali, Shahmoon, Shiri, Zisapel, Nava, Gringras, Paul·2018·Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
DOI 10.1089/cap.2018.0020PMC PMC6306655
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Abstract

Objective: A recent double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study demonstrated 3-month efficacy and safety of a novel pediatric-appropriate prolonged-release melatonin (PedPRM) for insomnia in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurogenetic disorders (NGD) with/without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity. Long-term efficacy and safety of PedPRM treatment was studied. Methods: A prospective, open-label efficacy and safety follow-up of nightly 2, 5, or 10 mg PedPRM in subjects who completed the 13-week double-blind trial (51 PedPRM; 44 placebo). Measures included caregiver-reported Sleep and Nap Diary, Composite Sleep Disturbance Index (CSDI), caregiver's Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and quality of life (WHO-5 Well-Being Index). Results: Ninety-five subjects (74.7% males; mean [standard deviation] age, 9 [4.24]; range, 2–17.5 years) received PedPRM (2/5 mg) according to the double-blind phase dose, for 39 weeks with optional dose adjustment (2, 5, or 10 mg/day) after the first 13 weeks. After 52 weeks of continuous treatment (PedPRM-randomized group) subjects slept (mean [SE]) 62.08 (21.5) minutes longer ( p = 0.007); fell asleep 48.6 (10.2) minutes faster ( p < 0.001); had 89.1 (25.5) minutes longer uninterrupted sleep episodes ( p = 0.001); 0.41 (0.12) less nightly awakenings (>50% decrease; p = 0.001); and better sleep quality ( p < 0.001) compared with baseline. The placebo-randomized group also improved with PedPRM. Altogether, by the end of 39-week follow-up, regardless of randomization assignment, 55/72 (76%) of completers achieved overall improvement of ≥1 hour in total sleep time (TST), sleep latency or both, over baseline, with no evidence of decreased efficacy. In parallel, CSDI child sleep disturbance and caregivers' satisfaction of their child's sleep patterns ( p < 0.001 for both), PSQI global ( p < 0.001), and WHO-5 ( p = 0.001) improved in statistically significant and clinically relevant manner ( n = 72) compared with baseline. PedPRM was generally safe; most frequent treatment-related adverse events were fatigue (5.3%) and mood swings (3.2% of patients). Conclusion: PedPRM, an easily swallowed formulation shown to be efficacious versus placebo, is an efficacious and safe option for long-term treatment (up to 52 weeks reported here) of children with ASD and NGD who suffer from insomnia and subsequently improves caregivers' quality of life.

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Crossref · 10.1089/cap.2018.0020

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Figures

FIG. 1. Overall study patient disposition (CONSORT diagram) (A) and dose breakdown for patients with SNDs (B). The study comprised 9-month, open-label PedPRM treatment on 2 or 5 mg doses with optional dose adjustment after 13 weeks of the open-label phase. PedPRM, pediatric prolonged-release melatonin; SND, Sleep and Nap Diary.
FIG. 1. Overall study patient disposition (CONSORT diagram) (A) and dose breakdown for patients with SNDs (B). The study comprised 9-month, open-label PedPRM treatment on 2 or 5 mg doses with optional dose adjustment after 13 weeks of the open-label phase. PedPRM, pediatric prolonged-release melatonin; SND, Sleep and Nap Diary.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIG. 2. Effects of continuous PedPRM treatment (52 weeks) on child sleep. SND-reported change from baseline (end of the single-blind placebo run-in phase) in mean (SE) TST (minutes), SL (minutes), duration of uninterrupted sleep (LSE, minutes), NOA, quality of sleep, and CSDI in the PedPRM-assigned group during the 52 weeks of continuous treatment (n = 41). For completion of the picture, data from the 13-week, double-blind phase for this group (Gringras et al. 2017) are also depicted and marked with yellow outline. # represents significant differences over placebo in the double-blind phase (MMRM analysis; Gringras et al. 2017). CSDI, Composite Sleep Disturbance Index; LSE, longest sleep episode; NOA, number of awakenings; PedPRM, pediatric prolonged-release melatonin; SL, sleep latency; SND, Sleep and Nap Diary; TST, total sleep time.
FIG. 2. Effects of continuous PedPRM treatment (52 weeks) on child sleep. SND-reported change from baseline (end of the single-blind placebo run-in phase) in mean (SE) TST (minutes), SL (minutes), duration of uninterrupted sleep (LSE, minutes), NOA, quality of sleep, and CSDI in the PedPRM-assigned group during the 52 weeks of continuous treatment (n = 41). For completion of the picture, data from the 13-week, double-blind phase for this group (Gringras et al. 2017) are also depicted and marked with yellow outline. # represents significant differences over placebo in the double-blind phase (MMRM analysis; Gringras et al. 2017). CSDI, Composite Sleep Disturbance Index; LSE, longest sleep episode; NOA, number of awakenings; PedPRM, pediatric prolonged-release melatonin; SL, sleep latency; SND, Sleep and Nap Diary; TST, total sleep time.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIG. 3. Sustained response to 2 mg PedPRM treatment over the follow-up phase (39 weeks). Change from baseline in mean (SE) SND-reported TST (minutes), SL (minutes), duration of uninterrupted sleep (minutes), and NOA during the 39-week, open-label follow-up in patients treated with 2 mg PedPRM throughout the observation period (n = 16). PedPRM, pediatric prolonged-release melatonin; SND, Sleep and Nap Diary.
FIG. 3. Sustained response to 2 mg PedPRM treatment over the follow-up phase (39 weeks). Change from baseline in mean (SE) SND-reported TST (minutes), SL (minutes), duration of uninterrupted sleep (minutes), and NOA during the 39-week, open-label follow-up in patients treated with 2 mg PedPRM throughout the observation period (n = 16). PedPRM, pediatric prolonged-release melatonin; SND, Sleep and Nap Diary.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIG. 4. Effects of continuous PedPRM treatment (52 weeks) of the children on their caregivers. Change from baseline in the combined patient groups in mean (SE) caregivers' sleep quality (PSQI), quality of life (WHO-5), ESS, and CSDI-recorded parents' satisfaction of the child's sleep during the 39-week follow-up (n = 78). CSDI, Composite Sleep Disturbance Index; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; PedPRM, pediatric prolonged-release melatonin; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
FIG. 4. Effects of continuous PedPRM treatment (52 weeks) of the children on their caregivers. Change from baseline in the combined patient groups in mean (SE) caregivers' sleep quality (PSQI), quality of life (WHO-5), ESS, and CSDI-recorded parents' satisfaction of the child's sleep during the 39-week follow-up (n = 78). CSDI, Composite Sleep Disturbance Index; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; PedPRM, pediatric prolonged-release melatonin; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Maras, A., Schroder, C. M., Malow, B. A., Findling, R. L., Breddy, J., Nir, T., Shahmoon, S., Zisapel, N., & Gringras, P.
Affiliations
  • Yulius (NL)
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
  • Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
  • Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
  • Pharmastat Consulting Ltd.
  • Neurim Pharmaceuticals (Israel) (IL)
  • Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Corresponding author
Maras, Athanasios
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2018-12
Volume
28
Issue
10
Pages
699-710
ISSN
  • 1044-5463 (ISSN-L)
  • 1557-8992
DOI
10.1089/cap.2018.0020
PMC
PMC6306655
OpenAlex
W2888600704
Cited by
176
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 3
FWCI
19.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • BiblioBoard Library Catalog (Open Research Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • INSAR 2018 Annual Meeting
Funders
  • Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
  • University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54HD083211)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Keywords
prolonged-release melatonin, pediatric insomnia, autism spectrum disorder, neurogenetic disorders, ADHD comorbidity, long-term efficacy, sleep quality, sleep latency, total sleep time, sleep disorders, quality of life, children and adolescents, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
MeSH terms
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Central Nervous System Depressants, Child, Communication Disorders, Delayed-Action Preparations, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Melatonin, Quality of Life, Comorbidity, Treatment Outcome, Drug Monitoring, Polysomnography

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