Measuring well‐being rather than the absence of distress symptoms: a comparison of the SF‐36 Mental Health subscale and the WHO‐Five well‐being scale
Open accessAbstract
The health status questionnaire Short‐Form 36 (SF‐36) includes subscales measuring both physical health and mental health. Psychometrically, the mental health subscale contains a mixture of mental symptoms and psychological well‐being items, among other things, to prevent a ceiling effect when used in general population studies. Three of the mental health well‐being items are also included in the WHO‐Five well‐being scale. In a Danish general population study, the mental health subscale was compared psychometrically with the WHO‐Five in order to evaluate the ceiling effect. Tests for unidimensionality were used in the psychometric analyses, and the sensitivity of the scales in differentiating between changes in self‐reported health over the past year has been tested. The results of the study on 9,542 respondents showed that, although the WHO‐Five and the mental health subscale were found to be unidimensional, the WHO‐Five had a significantly lower ceiling effect than the mental health subscale. The analysis identified the three depression symptoms in the mental health subscale as responsible for the ceiling effect. The WHO‐Five was also found to be significantly superior to the mental health subscale in terms of its sensitivity in differentiating between those persons whose health had deteriorated over the past year and those whose health had not. In conclusion, the WHO‐Five, which measures psychological well‐being, reflects aspects other than just the absence of depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
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General well-being was measured using the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, a widely used five-item questionnaire.
“GWB was measured using the WHO-5 Well-Being Index assessment tool (17), a widely used, five-item questionnaire with a total score range of from 0–100 (higher scores indicating more positive well-being).”
From Structured Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose Significantly Reduces A1C Levels in Poorly Controlled, Noninsulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes (2011) · cites this paper as [17]
The WHO-5 has validity and reliability supported by a vast set of literature in several populations.
“A vast set of literature supports the validity and reliability of the measure in several populations [42-45].”
From A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Chatbot (Otis) for Health Anxiety Management: Mixed Methods Pilot Study (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
The WHO-5 short-scale avoids symptom-related or negative phrasings and measures well-being instead of the absence of distress.
“This short-scale avoids symptom-related or negative phrasings and measures well-being instead of the absence of distress (Bech et al. 2013).”
From Tumor patients’ fears and worries and perceived changes of specific attitudes, perceptions and behaviors due to the COVID-19 pandemic are still relevant (2021) · cites this paper as Bech et al. 2013
The WHO-5 Well-Being Index is a 5-item questionnaire measuring current psychological well-being and quality of life, rather than psychopathology, with scores ranging from 0 to 25.
“The WHO-5 Well-Being Index is a 5-item questionnaire measuring current psychological well-being and quality of life, rather than psychopathology [35]. Scores range from 0 to 25.”
From Evaluating the Effectiveness of an E-Mental Health Intervention for People Living in Lebanon: Protocol for Two Randomized Controlled Trials (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
The WHO-5 scale has demonstrated sensitivity to change in well-being.
“The scale has demonstrated sensitivity to change in well-being and is available in multiple languages.”
From Evaluating the Effectiveness of an E-Mental Health Intervention for People Living in Lebanon: Protocol for Two Randomized Controlled Trials (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Bech, P., Olsen, L. R., Kjoller, M., & Rasmussen, N. K.
- Affiliations
- Danish National Institute of Public Health (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Bech, Per
- ORCID
- Bech, Per
- Venue
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 85-91
- ISSN
- 1049-8931 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-0657
- PMC
- PMC6878541
- OpenAlex
- W2078143933
- Cited by
- 1,015
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 11.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- psychological well-being, ceiling effect, unidimensionality, depressive symptoms, health status measurement, general population
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Health Status, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, World Health Organization, Reproducibility of Results
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