The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 5 of the 35 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: We aimed to assess the Minority Stress Model which proposes that the stress of experiencing stigma leads to adverse mental health outcomes, but social supports (e.g., school and family connectedness) will reduce this negative effect. Methods: We measured stigma-related experiences, social supports, and mental health (self-injury, suicide, depression, and anxiety) among a sample of 923 Canadian transgender 14- to 25-year-old adolescents and young adults using a bilingual online survey. Logistic regression models were conducted to analyze the relationship between these risk and protective factors and dichotomous mental health outcomes among two separate age groups, 14- to 18-year-old and 19- to 25-year-old participants. Results: Experiences of discrimination, harassment, and violence (enacted stigma) were positively related to mental health problems and social support was negatively associated with mental health problems in all models among both age groups. Among 14–18 year olds, we examined school connectedness, family connectedness, and perception of friends caring separately, and family connectedness was always the strongest protective predictor in multivariate models. In all the mental health outcomes we examined, transgender youth reporting low levels of enacted stigma experiences and high levels of protective factors tended to report favorable mental health outcomes. Conversely, the majority of participants reporting high levels of enacted stigma and low levels of protective factors reported adverse mental health outcomes. Conclusion: While these findings are limited by nonprobability sampling procedures and potential additional unmeasured risk and protective factors, the results provide positive evidence for the Minority Stress Model in this population and affirm the need for policies and programs to support schools and families to support transgender youth.
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Claims the paper makes
5 of 35 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Studies of transgender adults have also found that family support is associated with better mental health.17”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [17] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that family support was negatively associated with psychological distress in the transgender sample (B = −0.164; P < .001). The Discussion likewise describes family support as associated with less distress, supporting the claim that it is associated with better mental health. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“with around 80% reporting verbal harassment10–12 or bullying at school.13”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] source
- Partly supportedcites [13] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results table reports that 82.6% of transgender or gender-nonconforming youth experienced bullying in the past 12 months, which supports “around 80%.” It does not identify those bullying experiences as occurring at school; 75.5% reported in-person bullying, but that measure also does not specify a school setting. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The optimal scenario is for transgender youth to have high levels of family connectedness and friends caring, and low levels of enacted stigma exposure—in such cases, the probability of suicide attempts dropped to 7%.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for each enacted stigma experience, participants were 25% more likely to have reported NSSI in the past year”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a number of these enacted stigma experiences were reported by the majority of Canadian transgender youth.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, the majority of participants reporting high levels of enacted stigma and low levels of protective factors reported adverse mental health outcomes.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“perception of friends caring was also predictive of suicide attempts in the past year”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“almost three-quarters reported they had ever seriously considered suicide”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Older youth (19–25 year olds)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experiences of discrimination, harassment, and violence (enacted stigma) were positively related to mental health problems and social support was negatively associated with mental health problems in all models among both age groups.”
- Also stated in: § Younger youth (14–18 year olds) · plain
“The Enacted Stigma Index was a positive predictor of mental health problems in all the regression models.”
- Also stated in: § Older youth (19–25 year olds) · plain
“The Enacted Stigma Index was a positive predictor of mental health problems in all the regression models, and similarly, Social Support was a negative predictor in all the models.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
- Also stated in: § Younger youth (14–18 year olds) · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as with the 14 to 18 year olds, these show greatly varying probabilities depending on the mix of risk and protective factors.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Older youth (19–25 year olds)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Being perceived as transgender may make youth vulnerable to minority stress, which has been proposed as an explanation for the high rates of mental health difficulties reported among this group.3–5”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
- Partly supportedcites [4] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports high rates of psychiatric disorders among young transgender women and proposes that stressors associated with gender transition and affirmation may affect their mental health. It does not specifically say that being perceived as transgender exposes youth to minority stress or identify that as the explanation for the elevated rates. The cited study also concerns young transgender women, rather than transgender youth generally. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A study of transgender youth in a Los Angeles clinic found that parental support was associated with decreased depressive symptoms and improved life satisfaction.16”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [16] source
The Abstract Methods identify 66 transgender youth receiving care at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles. The Results report that, controlling for demographic variables, greater parental support was significantly associated with fewer depressive symptoms and higher life satisfaction. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One study found high levels of internal consistency reliability for the first five items of this scale.25”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Questionnaire
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [25] source
The Description of Measures identifies family connectedness as a five-item scale. The Measures and Longitudinal Improvements within Cases sections report strong reliability for the scales, with Cronbach’s alphas of .81–.93 among RIP girls and .82–.91 among MSS girls. The paper does not give a separate alpha for family connectedness. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While all the protective factors negatively predicted mental health difficulties, they did not all meet the criterion of a 0.5 odds ratio to be included in the final multivariate models due to these predictors being intercorrelated.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
In the paper
“another study found that transgender youth who had experienced parental abuse were more likely to have attempted suicide.14”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A study of 290 high school students across the United States found that the majority had been physically harassed in the past year due to their gender expression”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Stressors that are specific to transgender individuals, which have been identified, include feeling or being unsafe in public restrooms, lack of access to legal documents or medical care due to differing records of sex and legal name, and nonaffirmation of one's gender by others.9”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Minority stress theory suggests that members of minority groups experience stressors related specifically to their membership with that group.6”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“studies have shown that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth who report more positive and supportive school experiences are more likely to also report better mental health.18,19”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Experiences of minority stress not only result from specific negative events but also from the overarching experiences in society that the minority individual negotiates in their everyday lives.7”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“more than a quarter reported being physically assaulted in the past year due to their gender expression.10”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These stressors are a result of sociocultural sanctions of status, prejudice, and discrimination”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“almost two-thirds reporting they feel unsafe at school due to their gender expression”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Minority stress theory has been applied to transgender people.8”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“the theory proposes that they negatively impact psychological well-being and adaptation.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While we also collected data on suicidal attempts for 19–25 year olds, we decided to not use it in this study because it was reduced due to an error we made in our survey skip logic.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Questionnaire
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“other protective factors, such as living in their felt gender and access to competent healthcare, were not included in our estimates, and their inclusion may have resulted in lower estimates of poor mental health for those youth reporting the best-case scenario.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using questions drawn from Canadian population-based surveys ensured that questions are widely used and had undergone thorough validation.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Questionnaire
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“These findings are consistent with previous studies of transgender youth,3,5,14,29”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study also relied on cross-sectional data when longitudinal data would be preferable to test these causal hypotheses.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One study reported that this scale has adequate concurrent validity, reliability, and measurement stability across 18 ethnic groups.24”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Questionnaire
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Meyer also recognized individual-level resilience in coping with minority stress as an additional area for potential intervention for enhancing resilience, but he suggested caution with focusing on this because individuals within different groups have different access to this resilience.15”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Responses were also screened manually for careless responding by examining participants with the fastest response times, and no evidence of careless responding was observed.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this study did not examine support received specifically from the transgender community.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these probability profiling results illustrated only those outcomes at more extreme ends (10th and 90th percentiles).”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the sampling frame was based on nonprobability recruitment methods and, as such, there is no way of knowing how representative the sample is from the larger transgender youth population across Canada.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the Enacted Stigma Index used in this study included experiences that might be expected due to anti-transgender stigma, but except for one discrimination question, it did not include questions specifically about anti-transgender stigma.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Resilience and protective factors that may reduce minority stress and negative health effects are essential components of the minority stress theory”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study relied on single questions with responses dichotomized for mental health outcomes, while these questions are widely used and validated on large probability surveys.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This version of the scale performed well on confirmatory factor analysis as either a single factor or a higher-order factor model, and it had excellent reliability.27”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Questionnaire
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recruitment methods did not differ between these two age groups and these two age groups had the same overall pattern of demographics.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Questionnaire
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since our results suggest that negative mental health outcomes are complex, with several co-occurring risk and protective factors”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Community-level resilience might have been captured indirectly through the school connectedness, family connectedness, and social support variables assessed.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study's methodology allowed us to gather a large sample size, giving us added confidence about the generalizability of our findings, even if these generalizations ought to be made with caution.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this was the first study to examine the impact of both risk and protective factors in the probability of developing adverse mental health outcomes for transgender people.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
“We had no reason to believe that the missing values differed across different levels of mental health, enacted stigma, or protective factors (i.e., we believe data were missing at random); so we did not attempt to correct for this missingness.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Younger participants' suicide outcome switches from attempts to ideation
MajorThe methods say the younger group was asked about suicide attempts, not suicidal ideation. The results nevertheless describe its probability model as predicting whether a younger participant had seriously considered suicide.
“For example, with having ever seriously considered suicide, the model predicted that a transgender youth who had experienced high levels of discrimination, harassment, or violence perpetrated against them, who were also low on protective factors, had a 72% probability of reporting this.”
“Younger (14–18 year old) participants were asked “During the past 12 months, how many times did you actually attempt suicide?” Older (19–25 year old) participants were asked if they had ever seriously considered suicide or taking their own life.”
Younger-youth suicide item described inconsistently
MinorIn the questionnaire section, younger participants are described as being asked about suicide attempts in the past 12 months, but later the results discussion refers to the probability of reporting 'ever seriously considered suicide' for the younger group. These are different outcomes, so the description of what was measured and what was modeled does not match.
“Younger (14–18 year old) participants were asked “During the past 12 months, how many times did you actually attempt suicide?””
“For example, with having ever seriously considered suicide, the model predicted that a transgender youth who had experienced high levels of discrimination, harassment, or violence perpetrated against them, who were also low on protective factors, had a 72% probability of reporting this.”
Citations
Cites
Minority Stress and Mental Health in Gay Men
Meyer, I. H. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137286 · Cited by 4,264 · cited 3×
“Nonbinary (AMAB) 18 (6) 43 (8) New Brunswick 14 (4) 9 (2) Central/South American 8 (3) 4 (1) 6 years or more 31 (10) 54 (9)”
BackgroundProtecting Adolescents From Harm: Findings From the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health
Resnick, M. D. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550100049038 · Cited by 2,846 · cited 2×
“Boys/men 140 (47) 216 (36) Alberta 41 (13) 73 (12) White only 225 (72) 446 (75) Less than 1 year 1 (0) 6 (1) Girls/women 32 (11) 107 (20) British Columbia 85 (26) 124 (21) Aboriginal 42 (13) 51 (9) 1 to 2 years 2 (1) 6 (1) Nonbinary (AFAB) 110 (37) 173 (32) Manitoba 13 (4) 19 (3) Black 6 (2) 9 (2) 3 to 5 years 5 (2) 1…”
BackgroundHendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0029597 · Cited by 2,134 · cited 2×
“2) 43 (7) South Asian 4 (1) 8 (1) English only 252 (79) 442 (74) Ontario 87 (27) 181 (30) East Asian 14 (5) 28 (5) French only 12 (4) 47 (8) Prince Edward Island 1 (0) 3 (1) Multi-racial 9 (3) 20 (3) English and French 24 (8) 42 (7)”
Stigma, Mental Health, and Resilience in an Online Sample of the US Transgender Population
Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301241 · Cited by 1,540 · cited 1×
“Harassment in the past year for n (%) n (%) Race or culture 32 (17) Sexual orientation 120 (63) Body size/shape/appearance 106 (55) Gender identity 132 (69)”
BackgroundDevelopment of the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience Measure.
Testa, R. J., Habarth, J., Peta, J., Balsam, K., & Bockting, W. (2015) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000081 · Cited by 1,406
Resilience in the study of minority stress and health of sexual and gender minorities.
Meyer, I. H. (2015) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000132 · Cited by 1,152 · cited 1×
“Physically threatened/injured past year 69 (36) Contact/use of violence services in the past 5 years 178 (52) Threatened with weapon past year 18 (9) Physically hurt by someone in family past year 29 (15) Sexual abuse 74 (35) Forced/attempted unwanted sexual activity in the past year 27 (7) Sexual touch by older or st…”
BackgroundTransgender Youth and Life‐Threatening Behaviors
Grossman, A. H., & D'Augelli, A. R. (2007) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.5.527 · Cited by 672
Parental Support and Mental Health Among Transgender Adolescents
Simons, L., Schrager, S. M., Clark, L. F., Belzer, M., & Olson, J. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.019 · Cited by 553
School support groups, other school factors, and the safety of sexual minority adolescents
Goodenow, C., Szalacha, L., & Westheimer, K. (2006) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20173 · Cited by 553 · cited 1×
“Quebec 31 (10) 106 (18) Other English and another language 19 (6) 41 (7)”
BackgroundClark, T. C., Lucassen, M. F. G., Bullen, P., Denny, S. J., Fleming, T. M., Robinson, E. M., & Rossen, F. V. (2014) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.008 · Cited by 528 · cited 1×
“Cyberbullying Cyberbullying Felt unsafe with internet contact 56 (29) Received threatening messages 155 (45) Been bullied on the internet 64 (33) Received hateful comments 141 (42) Had threatening e-mails sent out Using their identity 18 (5) Other cyberbullying 106 (33) Bullying in the past year Been bullied/taunted/r…”
Background
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- Fazio AF, 1977, Vital Health Stat 2, 73, 1
- Patten SB, 1997, Chronic Dis Can, 18, 109
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Items 101–200 of 224
Safeguarding? Critiquing Gender-Critical Discourse around Gender Diversity at School
Bower‐Brown, S. (2024) · Amicus Curiae · doi:10.14296/ac.v5i3.5705 · Cited by 9
Lawson, M. L., Gotovac, S., Couch, B., Gale, L., Vandermorris, A., Ghosh, S., & Bauer, G. R. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.07.021 · Cited by 9
Esposito, E. C., Ellerkamp, H., Eisenberg, A. M., Handley, E. D., & Glenn, C. R. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01203-y · Cited by 11
“For TGD youth specifically, the presence of familial support is an important protective factor (Gower et al., 2018; Johnson et al., 2020; Veale et al., 2017), while an absence of familial support is associated with increased STB risk (Strauss et al. 2020).”
Ogarrio, K., Durbin-Matrone, R., Leon, B. D., Wright, L. A., Restar, A., Singh, A. A., & Stojanovski, K. (2025) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2025.2553739 · Cited by 13
Correlates of depressive symptoms in transgender women initiating HIV treatment in Argentina
Arístegui, I., Radusky, P. D., Zalazar, V., Cardozo, N. F., Fabian, S., Duarte, M., Frola, C. E., Cahn, P. E., & Sued, O. G. (2021) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2020.1868370 · Cited by 9
“Previous research has shown that exposure to actual experiences of transphobic discrimination, also known as enacted GIS, is a correlate of depressive symptoms (Jefferson et al., 2013; Nemoto et al., 2011; Veale et al., 2017).”
BackgroundParticipatory model building for suicide prevention in Canada
Thompson, L. H., Lang, J. J., Olibris, B., Gauthier-Beaupré, A., Cook, H., Gillies, D., & Orpana, H. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-020-00359-6 · Cited by 9
Cannabis use among youth in Canada: a scoping review protocol
Kourgiantakis, T., Edwards, T., Lee, E., Logan, J. R., Vicknarajah, R., Craig, S. L., Simon-Tucker, M., & Williams, C. C. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061997 · Cited by 9
Kundu, A., Fu, R., Grace, D., Logie, C. H., Abramovich, A., Baskerville, N. B., Yager, C., Schwartz, R. M., Mitsakakis, N., Planinac, L. C., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277438 · Cited by 7
“The association of exposure to enacted stigma or discrimination, perceived stigma, homophobia, low community connectedness, low level of identity centrality with adverse mental health outcomes have been already demonstrated [22,58,59].”
BackgroundLenne, E., Sun, C. J., & Klawetter, S. (2023) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12527 · Cited by 8
“…factor against adverse health outcomes for TGD children (Bariola et al., 2015; Mustanski et al., 2011; Olson et al., 2016; Puckett et al., 2019; Veale et al., 2017), and children who live in gender-affirming homes and communities experience significantly lower rates of suicidal ideation and…”
BackgroundTyni, K., Wurm, M., & Bratt, A. S. (2024) · International journal of LGBTQ+ youth studies. · doi:10.1080/19361653.2024.2347957 · Cited by 11
“…in this study, is consistent with the Minority Stress model (Meyer, 2003) and the emphasis on protective factors such as social support and recognition from family, school, and community (Durwood et al., 2021; Johns et al., 2018; McGowan et al., 2022; Veale et al., 2017; Weinhardt et al., 2019).”
Townsend, M., & Clark, D. B. (2021) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmab176 · Cited by 8
Mental Health Contributors Among Transgender People in a Non-WEIRD Society: Evidence From China
Spielmann, J., Feng, S., Briley, D. A., & Stern, C. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211039388 · Cited by 8
“Transgender youth highly value supportive environments (Day et al., 2018), and supportive environments are associated with better mental health (Hatchel et al., 2019; Veale et al., 2017) and decreased self-harm among transgender people (Gower et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSitas, Z., Peters, K., Luck, L., & Einboden, R. (2023) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12922 · Cited by 8
Médico, D., Sansfaçon, A. P., Galantino, G., & Zufferey, A. (2020) · Frontières · doi:10.7202/1070338ar · Cited by 6
Transgender identity and mental health in adolescence: a scoping reviewPreprint
Patrick, K. L. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.20178897 · Cited by 7
“…13% 4.0% Sterzing et al. 2017 (76) X-sectional, community sample mod 17.4% 6.2% Veale et al. 2017 (77) X-sectional, community sample mod 32% 64.7% 71.2% Veale et al. 2017 (83) X-sectional, community sample low 35.8% 74.6% Becerra-Culqui et al. 2018 (91)*◊ Retrospective matched cohort high 59.3 -…”
InfluentialChild rights in trans healthcare – a call to action
Horton, C., Pearce, R., Veale, J. F., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2024.2360359 · Cited by 6
Self-citationKatz‐Wise, S. L., Godwin, E. G., Medzhitova, Y., Moore, L., Parsa, N., Hill, A. L., Oparah, N., Bogart, L. M., Rosal, M. C., Sansfaçon, A. P., et al. (2024) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0001262 · Cited by 6
“TNBY who perceive better family functioning and connectedness report better mentalhealth(Katz-Wise et al.,2018; Veale et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMarx, R. A., Peña, F. J., McCurdy, A. L., & Maier, A. (2023) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12923 · Cited by 7
Eating Disorder Behaviors Among Transgender Individuals: Exploring the Literature
Obarzanek, L., & Munyan, K. (2020) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390320921948 · Cited by 5
“Despite changing social opinion, many transgender individuals may continue to struggle with feelings of acceptance socially (Veale et al., 2017).”
BackgroundStigma and negative mental health outcomes in sexual/gender minority youth in Utah
McGraw, J. S., Angoff, H. D., Chinn, J. R., Barnhart, W. R., Lee, B. N., Diggins, E., Jordan, A. K., Branch, J. G., & Docherty, M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01919-w · Cited by 7
You don’t know me: Welcoming gender diversity in schools via an ethic of hospitality
Airton, L. (2023) · Curriculum Inquiry · doi:10.1080/03626784.2023.2200810 · Cited by 5
“Studies of queer and/or trans youth well-being and resilience (e.g., Tan et al., 2021; Veale et al., 2015, 2017) have foregrounded the significance of the “one supportive adult,” and the role of gender and/or sexual minority (GSM) teachers as advocates for queer and/or trans youth has been widely…”
BackgroundCleere, E. F., Fairley, C. K., McGrath, L., Bradshaw, C. S., Chen, M. Y., & Chow, E. P. F. (2018) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2018-053653 · Cited by 5
Digital Mental Health Through an Intersectional Lens: A Narrative Review
Yesha, R., Orezzoli, M. C. E., Sims, K., & Landau, A. Y. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14020211 · Cited by 4
“Previous studies have found that a third of a geographically diverse sample of transgender youth in Canada attempted suicide in the last year [86].”
Familias que aceptan y acompañan a sus hijes trans*. Una aproximación a sus experiencias
Gutiérrez, D. D. C. (2024) · INTERdisciplina · doi:10.22201/ceiich.24485705e.2024.32.86925 · Cited by 5
Poliwoda, J., Travers, R., Katz, M., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Community Well-Being · doi:10.1007/s42413-024-00231-2 · Cited by 4
“The version proposed by Meyer (2003) focused on sexual minorities, and suggests that oppressed groups who face a high prevalence of discrimination and prejudice face negative health outcomes (Veale et al., 2017).”
InfluentialSelf-citationPham, A., Webster, Z., Jackson, M.-I., Bean, M. K., Thomson, M. D., Mazzeo, S. E., & Ahrens, K. R. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313908 · Cited by 4
Joy, P. R., White, M., Fewer, S., et al. (2025) · Food Culture & Society · doi:10.1080/15528014.2025.2459995 · Cited by 4
Individualized and innovative gender healthcare for transgender and nonbinary youth
Clark, D. B. A., Metzger, D. L., Pang, K. C., Amand, C. S., & Khatchadourian, K. (2025) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01113-z · Cited by 5
“Gender minority stress is a framework for understanding the psychological effects of trans-specific stigma (including external stressors such as gender-based discrimination and internal stressors such as negative future expectations) on TNB people 63–65 .”
Gender-affirming multidisciplinary care for transgender and non-binary children and adolescents
Warwick, R. M., & Shumer, D. E. (2021) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2021.2004146 · Cited by 4
“Family and school connectedness, caring friends, and social support are all positive predictors with respect to mental health disparities and are also linked to lower odds of disordered eating (Veale et al., 2017; Watson et al., 2017).”
BackgroundComplex Psychiatric Histories and Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth
Curtis, A., Swaringen, S. E., & Janssen, A. C. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2023.05.011 · Cited by 4
Médico, D. (2021) · International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience · doi:10.7202/1082073ar · Cited by 8
The Social Context of Adolescents’ Right to Transition
Franklin, J. (2019) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2018.1557285 · Cited by 4
Clark, D. B. A., Ji, D., Foran, E., Seburn, K., & Temple, J. (2025) · International journal of LGBTQ+ youth studies. · doi:10.1080/29968992.2025.2523244 · Cited by 3
“It is well-documented that TTNB youth experience disparities in health-care access and health outcomes in comparison to their cisgender peers (Connolly et al., 2016; Reisner et al., 2015; J. Veale et al., 2017).”
Integrating Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Inpatient Mental Health Settings
Gallik, C. L., Ramasamy, R., Clifton, R. L., & Al-Mateen, C. S. (2024) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62749-1_4 · Cited by 3
Fontanari, A. M. V., Feijó, M., Villas-Bôas, A. P. D. S., Wendt, G. W., & Costa, Â. B. (2025) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70084 · Cited by 5
“…factor against adversities among adolescents is social support, which sustains the claim that both SES and social support should be considered as potentially affecting the relationships between school connectedness and dropout (Marie et al. 2018; Valentine and Shipherd 2018; Veale et al. 2017).”
The Positive Aspects of Being the Parent of a Trans Child: Findings from Trans Pathways
Morgan, H., Lin, A. P., Perry, Y., Cook, A. G., Winter, S., Watson, V., Toussaint, D. W., & Strauss, P. (2023) · LGBTQ+ Family An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/27703371.2023.2292537 · Cited by 3
The Relationship Between Social Support and Depression in the LGBT+ Population: A Meta-analysis
BERCEA, L., Pintea, S., & KÁLLAY, É. (2023) · Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Psychologia-Paedagogia · doi:10.24193/subbpsyped.2023.2.04 · Cited by 3
Morgan, H., van Hall, H.-W., Moore, J. K., Lin, A. P., & Perry, Y. (2024) · LGBTQ+ Family An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/27703371.2024.2347495 · Cited by 3
Religious and Spiritual Experiences of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Youth
Mohr, O., Chiaramonte, D. M., & Olezeski, C. L. (2024) · Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1037/cpp0000530 · Cited by 3
“Because parental support mitigates stigma and therefore negative health outcomes in TGNC youth, understanding the nature of the dyads could prove useful for care teams (Veale et al., 2017).”
Tyni, K., Wurm, M., & Bratt, A. S. (2025) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2024.2440864 · Cited by 4
“…that invali-date or make transgender persons feel invisible— have been shown to have a negative impact on mental health and well-being of TGD youth (Austin et al., 2022; Chodzen et al., 2019; Conn et al., 2023; Eisenberg et al., 2019; Kelley et al., 2022; Russell et al., 2018; Veale et al., 2017).”
Wanta, J. W., Gianakakos, G., Belfort, E. L., & Janssen, A. C. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2022.05.008 · Cited by 3
Societal experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people
Fuchs, M., & Potter, J. E. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815968-2.00015-3 · Cited by 4
Furlong, Y. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.97517 · Cited by 3
Stigma and discrimination against transgender men in Bhutan
Saxena, V., Xu, A., Kinley, K., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287745 · Cited by 2
“A Canadian study that investigated the mental health of transgender youth, including transmasculine youth, posited that high rates of mental health problems might be attributed to stigma and related social and familial struggles [21].”
BackgroundMental Health Needs of SOGIE Refugees in Canada: A Rapid Review
Murugan, A. A., Travers, R., Louka, F., Zaki, K., Ninomiya, M. E. M., & Coleman, T. A. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health · doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2024-004 · Cited by 2
Self-citationWilson, J. W., Heinsch, M., & Canty, J. (2025) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2025.2449952 · Cited by 2
Adam, S., Ahmad, K. B., Khan, Y., & Rowland, D. L. (2025) · Sexes · doi:10.3390/sexes6020025 · Cited by 2
“It acts not only as a familiar refuge from the hardships of an earlier existence but also as a home beyond the natal home) [21,24,28,29].”
Battison, E., Kenyon, E. A., Murphy, C., Lenne, E., Moyer, D. N., Ewing, S. W. F., & Wilson, A. C. (2025) · Transgender Health · doi:10.1089/trgh.2024.0173 · Cited by 2
Lin, T., Tang, M., Bauermeister, J. A., Tran, J. T., Kautz, M. M., Donnelly, H. K., Webster, J. L., Wolfe, J., Nathan, J. B., Arcamano, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119843 · Cited by 3
“Enacted stigma can have immediate and tangible impacts on mental health by reinforcing the reality of external threats (Falck and Bränström, 2023; Veale et al., 2017) and has been consistently linked to depression (Lo Hog Tian et al., 2021).”
Barriers to Systemic Therapy Services Among Transgender and Nonbinary Adults in Canada
Lin, C., Fuks, N., Maitland, L., & Kang, H. (2025) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.70064 · Cited by 2
“…documented that TNB people experience additional strain within family and romantic relationships (Budge et al. 2023; Charter et al. 2021; Coburn et al. 2022; Gosling et al. 2022; Lucas et al. 2024; Munroe et al. 2020; Siboni et al. 2022; Tyler et al. 2024; van Douaa et al. 2017; Veale et al. 2017).”
Holloway, B. T., Kilby, M., Doyle, M., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2025.2595475 · Cited by 2
Wong, C. Y., Ngan, S. T. J., Cheng, P. W. C., Tang, W. K., Chow, L. Y., & Kam, W. K. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1709778 · Cited by 2
“Social support also emerged as a protective factor, enhancing quality of life (8), reducing depressive symptoms (41, 42)and suicidal ideation (80), and improving well-being (81).”
Transgender and Gender-Diverse Child and Parent Close Relationships
Tyler, T. R., Huddleston, B. S., Kronner, H. W., Calloway, E. T., Martin, K. G., Morgan, A. L., Aguilar, R., Wheeler, S. A., Barnett, F. A., Kohring, C. L., et al. (2024) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894241229151 · Cited by 2
“A Canadian study found that transgender youth with parental support are less likely to experience negative mental health outcomes, including suicidal ideation (Veale et al., 2017).”
Xu, Y., Valido, A., Tiedge, C. W., & Espelage, D. L. (2024) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-024-09723-0 · Cited by 3
“…research indicates that school belonging is one of the most predominant protective factors linked to reduced mental health risks for SGM youth, such as reduced anxiety, emotional distress, and suicidal thoughts/behaviors (Bailey et al., 2023; Hatchel et al., 2018, 2019b; Veale et al., 2017).”
Walker, M., Ballendine, O., Heit, L., Lachowsky, N. J., & Devor, A. (2025) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2025.2556971 · Cited by 2
Minority Stress and the Impact of Acceptance
Olezeski, C. L., & Bamatter, W. P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38909-3_5 · Cited by 4
Gender socialization and supportive school settings for elementary-aged LGBTIQ+ children
Callaghan, T. D., Richard, N., Campbell, C., & Anderson, J. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107611 · Cited by 2
Therapy Experiences of Transgender and Gender Diverse Adolescents and Their CaregiversPreprint
Price, M. A., Bokhour, E. J., Kaufman, G., Sheridan, M., Hollinsaid, N. L., & Olezeski, C. L. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ze8ut · Cited by 2
Culture and mental health: Transformative views from equity and inclusion to cultural empowerment
Bravo, D. Y., Rincon, B., Arnold, E., & Meza, A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00259-9 · Cited by 2
Pütz, A., Hapfelmeier, G., Martin, A., Bender, S., & Walg, M. (2026) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-025-00799-7 · Cited by 1
“A study by Veale et al. (2017) showed that 64% of the TGD adolescents surveyed had experienced bullying, 35% had experienced sexual abuse, and 36% had been threatened or physically assaulted.”
Vehmas, N., Holopainen, E., & Savolainen-Peltonen, H. M. (2024) · Transgender Health · doi:10.1089/trgh.2024.0012 · Cited by 1
Psychometric properties of the transgender identity stigma scale in Argentina
Ramos-Santiago, J. W., Caballero, R., Zalazar, V., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1531749 · Cited by 1
“…(e.g., limited employment opportunities, financial distress, unstable housing, engagement in sex work) (King et al., 2020; Moallef et al., 2022; Veale et al., 2017; Austin and Goodman, 2017; Winter et al., 2016; Radusky et al., 2021; Zalazar et al., 2018; Radusky et al., 2022) TIS threatens…”
García, M. E. A., Cañizares, O. S., Meraz, M. G., & Barrientos, J. (2025) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2025.2564180 · Cited by 2
“There are data indicating that social support is negatively related to mental health problems such as anxiety and depression in both trans adult men and women (Ar � ıstegui et al., 2022; Pflum et al., 2015), adolescents, and young adults (Ar � ıstegui et al., 2022; Veale et al., 2017).”
Hori, K., & Komorida, T. (2025) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2025.2585368 · Cited by 1
“For example, interpersonal discrimination such as school bullying (including verbal, physical, and sexual violence) has been found to be strongly associated with deteriorating mental health and an increase in suicidal ideation (Jadva et al., 2023; Tetkovic et al., 2024; Veale et al., 2017).”
Maloney, S. M., Gaedecke, T., Esguerra, C. R., Bruzzese, J., & Jackman, K. (2025) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2025.102628 · Cited by 1
Abela, D., Lea, S., & Patlamazoglou, L. (2025) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584251400810 · Cited by 1
Morgan, H., Strauss, P., Lin, A. P., Moss, H., & Perry, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2026.2620480 · Cited by 1
Liu, K., Xu, Y., Liu, X., Hou, J., Deng, W., Du, W., Luo, Q., Ren, T., Lin, B. Y., & Li, F. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-07814-7 · Cited by 2
“Within the family environment, ample evidence shows that supportive parenting practices, such as open communication, cohesion, and validation of a child’s gender identity, predict significantly lower rates of depression, substance use, and suicidal ideation among GD youth [6, 7].”
Xu, Y., Chiang, P., Scott, M., Gao, Y., Xu, J., Yang, Y., Hall, W. J., & Espelage, D. L. (2026) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2025.101546 · Cited by 2
Exercise experiences of adolescents engaged with gender diversity services: A qualitative approach
Austin, F., Lin, A. P., Wright, K. E., Jackson, B., Simpson, A., & Furzer, B. J. (2026) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2026.103148 · Cited by 1
Incarcerated While Transgender
Campbell, W. L., Miller, S. L., Boyd, S. E., Farmer, D. D., & Olezeski, C. L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37480-7_10 · Cited by 1
Non-suicidal Self-Injury Among Transgender and Gender Non-conforming Persons: A Narrative Synthesis
Robertson, R. A., Mesaeh, C. M., & Bowling, J. (2024) · Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling · doi:10.1080/26924951.2024.2389513 · Cited by 1
Supporting Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth in Naturopathic Practice
Millyard, A., & Gilbert, C. (2020) · CAND Journal · doi:10.54434/candj.53 · Cited by 1
Hollinsaid, N. L., Weisz, J. R., Chorpita, B. F., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/avsk2 · Cited by 1
Campbell, C. P., & Taylor, C. G. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95352-2_40-1 · Cited by 1
How Myths about Nonbinary People Impede Delivering Quality Care
Simms, D. (2020) · Creative Nursing · doi:10.1891/crnr-d-19-00088
Pattison, R. (2020) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0394423
Acompanyament educatiu i social a persones trans* en la infància i l’adolescència
Pérez, S. R., & Monclús, A. U. (2020) · Edicions de la Universitat de Lleida eBooks · doi:10.21001/monografics.8.2020
“The family bond is one of the strongest factors, along with the peer group, for the mental health of trans* people (McConnell, Birkett & Mustanski, 2016; Pyne, 2012; Veale, Peter, Travers, et al., 2017).”
InfluentialCommon Psychological and Behavioral Disorders in Transgender People: An Epidemiological Review
Bazrafshan, M.-R., Eidi, A., Soufı, O., & Delam, H. (2021) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.30476/jhsss.2020.87675.1120
The Impact of the Therapeutic Relationship on Transgender Clients’ Perceptions of Their Therapist
Brockie, A. (2021) · The Keep (Eastern Illinois University)
Higgins, R., Hansen, B. B., Jackson, B. E., Shaw, A. Y., & Lachowsky, N. J. (2021) · Promotion de la santé et prévention des maladies chroniques au Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.41.12.04f
Stigma and Guilt among Transgender Women- Moderating Role of Coping Strategies
Raza, H., & Jabeen, S. (2022) · Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology · doi:10.52053/jpap.v3i1.86
“Stigma and harassment generally have a negative impact on mental health resulting in anxiety, self-injury, suicide, and depression of transgender youth (age 18 to 24 years) (Veale et al., 2017).”
BackgroundCampbell, C., Fraser, L. D., & Peter, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.957543
“suicidality, and even mediating the negative impacts of bullying (Spencer and Patrick, 2009; Saewyc et al., 2014; Veale et al., 2017; Day et al., 2019, 2020; Hatchel et al., 2019; Reisner et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCannabis use among youth in Canada: a scoping review protocol
Kourgiantakis, T., Edwards, T., Lee, E., Logan, J. R., Vicknarajah, R., Craig, S. L., Simon-Tucker, M., & Williams, C. C. (2023) · doi:10.32920/23535561.v1
Cannabis use among youth in Canada: a scoping review protocol
Kourgiantakis, T., Edwards, T., Lee, E., Logan, J. R., Vicknarajah, R., Craig, S. L., Simon-Tucker, M., & Williams, C. C. (2023) · doi:10.32920/23535561
Safer spaces in youth development programs and health in Canadian youth
Ramey, H. L., Lawford, H. L., Berardini, Y., Mahdy, S. S., Khanna, N., Ross, M. D., & von Hugo, T. K. (2023) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daad166
Shuler, S. L. (2024) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/29933021.2024.2305471
Restrepo, A. M., Reyes, C. E. C. E., Yanza, C. J., et al. (2024) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría · doi:10.1016/j.rcp.2024.04.003
Palmer, M. (2024) · Amicus Curiae · doi:10.14296/ac.v5i3.5718
Medical Humanties, Narrative Medicine, and Bibliotherapy
Sirignano, F. M., Allodola, V. F., & Grigoli, A. R. D. (2024) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-4244-2.ch008
Campbell, C. P., & Taylor, C. G. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-56681-3_40
Qualitative metasummary for healthcare providers: TGD children disclosing to parents
Tyler, T. R., Huddleston, B. S., Kronner, H. W., Calloway, E. T., Martin, K. G., Morgan, A. L., Aguilar, R., Wheeler, S. A., Barnett, F. A., Kohring, C. L., et al. (2025) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/29933021.2025.2457689
Factors Associated with Self-Reported Abuse Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Young Adults
Etiler, N., Lensch, T., Scavacini, V. F., et al. (2025) · Transgender Health · doi:10.1089/trgh.2024.0020
Tyni, K., Wurm, M., & Bratt, A. S. (2025) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2025.2540423
“Parental support is one of the most important protective factors mitigating the negative mental health consequences of minority stress in TGD children and youth (Durwood et al., 2021; Gower et al., 2018; Grossman et al., 2021; Tankersley et al., 2021; Veale et al., 2017).”
Victimización escolar de personas transgénero: Estudio cualitativo
Martín-Castillo, D., García-Arenas, J. J., Sánchez-Muñoz, M., et al. (2025) · Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra · doi:10.23938/assn.1108
Johnson, S. R., Jaffe, A., Wanta, J. W., Janssen, A. C., Coyne, C. A., Lorenz, D. J., & Hoffmann, J. A. (2025) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2025.08.440
Iudici, A., Orczyk, G., & Neri, J. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1530-353520250000034012
Metadata
- Authors
- Veale, J. F., Peter, T., Travers, R., & Saewyc, E. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Waikato (NZ)
- University of Manitoba (CA)
- Wilfrid Laurier University (CA)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Veale, Jaimie F.
- Venue
- Transgender Health
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 207-216
- ISSN
- 2380-193X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5734137
- OpenAlex
- W2774228466
- Semantic Scholar
- da326060f274143f4fce3ca6106e0ae7cb5b5ffe
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 16.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Transgender Health (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Commons (University of Waikato) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Michael Smith Health Research BC
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP119472)
- Institute of Gender and Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Keywords
- transgender youth, enacted stigma, minority stress model, mental health, protective factors, discrimination, harassment, violence, school connectedness, family connectedness, social support, self-harm, suicide, depression, anxiety, adolescents and young adults
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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