Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,429

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism

Kornai, Janos·1992
DOI 10.1093/0198287763.001.0001
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This book presents a comprehensive analysis of socialist economics. It addresses the reasons for the early successes of socialist systems, and the reasons for their gradual breakdown. There are twenty‐eight chapters, of which the first two (in Part One of the book) are introductory. The remaining chapters are arranged in two further parts. Part Two, (chapters 3–15), deals with classical socialism, defined as the political structure and economy that developed in the Soviet Union under Stalin and in China under Mao Zedong, and emerged in the smaller countries of Eastern Europe and in several Asian, African, and Latin American countries. Part Three, (chapters 16–24), deals with the processes of reform, such as the changes started in Hungary under Kádár in 1968 or in the Soviet Union under Gorbachev in 1985, which were designed to renew the socialist system. The final, political conclusion is that Stalinist classical socialism is repressive and inefficient, but nevertheless constitutes a coherent system which slackens and contradicts itself when it starts to reform; hence reform is doomed to fail. An appendix provides a bibliography on the post‐socialist transition.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/0198287763.001.0001

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 2 references

Research works printed but not linked: 786

  1. Abraham,, 1982, Workers, Jobs and Inflation
  2. Adam,, 1984, Employment and Wage Policies in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary since 1950
  3. 1989, Economic Reforms in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe since the 1960s
  4. 1982, Employment Policies in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
  5. Adirim,, 1989, A Note on the Current Level, Pattern and Trends of Unemployment in the USSR,, Soviet Studies, 10.1080/09668138908411825 · DOI
  6. Aganbegian,, 1989, Inside Perestroika
  7. Alchian,, 1950, Uncertainty, Evolution, and Economic Theory,, Journal of Political Economy, 10.1086/256940 · DOI
  8. 1965, Some Economics of Property Rights,, Il Politico
  9. 1974, The Economics of Property Rights
  10. Alchian,, 1972, Production, Information, Costs, and Economic Organization,, American Economic Review
  11. Alessandrini,, 1987, The Unofficial Economy. Consequences and Perspectives in Different Economic Systems
  12. 1987, Microeconomic Modeling of Parallel Markets: The Case of Agricultural Goods in the USSR,, Journal of Comparative Economics, 10.1016/0147-5967(87)90074-6 · DOI
  13. 1988, Markets vs. Rationing: The Case of Soviet Housing,, Review of Economics and Statistics, 10.2307/1926779 · DOI
  14. 1988, The Effect of Housing Allocation on Social Inequality: A Soviet Perspective,, Journal of Comparative Economics, 10.1016/0147-5967(88)90005-4 · DOI
  15. Alton,, 1977, East European Economies Post Helsinki
  16. 1981, Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States.
  17. Amalrik,, 1970, Will the Soviet Union Survive until 1984?
  18. Amann,, 1977, The Technological Level of Soviet Industry
  19. Amann,, 1982, Industrial Innovation in the Soviet Union
  20. 1986, Technical Progress and Soviet Economic Development
  21. Andorka,, 1988, A magyarországi társadalmi mobilitás nemzetközi ösz‐szehasonlitása: A férfiak nemzedékek közötti társadalmi mobilitása, Szociológia
  22. Antal,, 1979, Development—with Some Digression. The Hungarian Economic Mechanism in the Seventies,, Acta Oeconomica
  23. Arendt,, 1951, The Origins of Totalitarianism
  24. Arrow,, 1964, Control in Large Organizations,, Management Science, 10.1287/mnsc.10.3.397 · DOI
  25. Ash,, 1990, The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of 1989 Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin and Prague
  26. Åslund,, 1985, Private Enterprise in Eastern Europe. The Non‐Agricultural Private Sector in Poland and the GDR, 1945–83
  27. 1989, Gorbachev's Struggle for Economic Reform. The Soviet Reform Process, 1985–88
  28. 1990, The Impoverished Superpower: Perestroika and the Soviet Military Burden
  29. Augusztinovics,, 1965, A Model of Money Circulation,, Economics of Planning, 10.1007/BF02424905 · DOI
  30. Ausch,, 1972, Theory and Practice of CMEA Cooperation
  31. Azicri,, 1988, Cuba: Politics, Economics and Society
  32. Balassa,, 1987, China's Economic Reforms in a Comparative Perspective,, Journal of Comparative Economics, 10.1016/0147-5967(87)90064-3 · DOI
  33. Balázs,, 1991, A pénzben mért magángazdaság súlya a magyar háztartások bevételeiben és kiadásaiban, Közgazdasági Szemle
  34. Balcerowicz,, 1988, Economic Reforms in the European Centrally Planned Economies
  35. Baló,, 1987, Tények könyve, 1988. Magyar és nemzetközi almanach
  36. Bannasch,, 1990, The Role of Small Firms in East Germany,, Small Business Economics, 10.1007/BF00401626 · DOI
  37. Barone,, 1935, Collectivist Economic Planning
  38. Barro,, 1971, A General Disequilibrium Model of Income and Employment,, American Economic Review
  39. 1974, Suppressed Inflation and the Supply Multiplier,, Review of Economic Studies, 10.2307/2296401 · DOI
  40. Bársony,, 1982, Tibor Liska's Concept of Socialist Entrepreneurship,, Acta Oeconomica, 28
  41. Bauer,, 1978, Investment Cycles in Planned Economies,, Acta Oeconomica
  42. 1981, Tervgazdaság, beruházás, ciklusok
  43. 1983, The Hungarian Alternative to Soviet‐Type Planning,, Journal of Comparative Economics, 10.1016/0147-5967(83)90100-2 · DOI
  44. 1987, Reforming or Perfectioning the Economic Mechanism,, European Economic Review, 10.1016/0014-2921(87)90024-9 · DOI
  45. Bek,, 1971, Novoe naznachenie
  46. Belyó,, 1985, A nem szervezett (elsősorban illegális) keretek között végzett szolgáltatások
  47. Benassy,, 1982, The Economics of Market Disequilibrium
  48. Ben‐Ner,, 1990, The Feasibility of Planned Market Systems: The Yugoslav Visible Hand and Negotiated Planning,, Journal of Comparative Economics, 10.1016/0147-5967(90)90052-B · DOI
  49. Berend,, 1979, A szocialista gazdaság fejlődése Magyarországon, 1945–1975
  50. 1990, The Hungarian Economic Reform
  51. Beresford,, 1988, Vietnam: Politics, Economics and Society
  52. Bergson,, 1944, The Structure of Soviet Wages
  53. 1948, A Survey of Contemporary Economics
  54. 1961, The Real National Income of Soviet Russia since 1928
  55. 1967, Market Socialism Revisited,, Journal of Political Economy, 10.1086/259341 · DOI
  56. 1974, Soviet Post‐War Economic Development
  57. 1978, Productivity and the Social System: The USSR and the West
  58. 1978, Managerial Risks and Rewards in Public Enterprises,, Journal of Comparative Economics, 10.1016/0147-5967(78)90059-8 · DOI
  59. 1978, The Soviet Economic Slowdown,, Challenge
  60. 1979, Notes on the Production Function in Soviet Postwar Growth,, Journal of Comparative Economics, 10.1016/0147-5967(79)90010-6 · DOI
  61. 1983, The Soviet Economy: Toward the Year 2000
  62. 1984, Income Inequality under Soviet Socialism,, Journal of Economic Literature
  63. 1987, Comparative Productivity: The USSR, Eastern Europe, and the West,, American Economic Review
  64. Bergson,, 1963, Economic Trends in the Soviet Union
  65. Berle,, 1968, The Modern Corporation and Private Property
  66. Berlin,, 1969, Four Essays on Liberty
  67. Berliner,, 1957, Factory and Manager in the USSR
  68. 1976, The Innovation Decision in Soviet Industry
  69. Bettelheim,, 1987, Régulation, cycles et crises dans les économies socialistes
  70. Beznosnikov,, 1990, Individual'no‐kooperativnyi sektor
  71. Bialer,, 1980, Stalin's Successors
  72. Bibó,, 1986, Válogatott tanulmányok. Második kötet, 1945–1949
  73. 1986, Válogatott tanulmányok. Második kötet, 1945–1949
  74. Birman,, 1980, The Financial Crisis in the USSR,, Soviet Studies, 10.1080/09668138008411281 · DOI
  75. Birta,, 1970, A szocialista iparosítási politika néhány kérdése az első ötéves terv időszakában, Párttörténeti Közlemények
  76. Bleaney,, 1988, Do Socialist Economies Work? The Socialist and East European Experience
  77. Blejer,, 1990, The Evolving Role of Tax Policy in China,, Journal of Comparative Economics, 10.1016/0147-5967(90)90061-D · DOI
  78. Bogomolov,, 1987, Skol'ko stoiat den'gi, Literaturnaia Gazeta
  79. Boiko,, 1990, Nash potrebitel'skii rynok, EKO
  80. Bond,, 1983, The Soviet Economy: Toward the Year 2000
  81. Bonin,, 1976, On the Design of Managerial Incentive Schemes in a Decentralized Planning Environment,, American Economic Review
  82. Bonin,, 1987, Economics of Cooperation and the Labor‐Managed Economy
  83. Bornstein,, 1985, Improving the Soviet Economic Mechanism,, Soviet Studies, 10.1080/09668138508411566 · DOI
  84. 1987, Soviet Price Policies,, Soviet Economy
  85. Bossányi,, 1986, Economy on the Way of Democratization,, Acta Oeconomica
  86. Bottomore,, 1983, A Dictionary of Marxist Thought
  87. Bowles,, 1989, Contradictions in China's Financial Reforms: The Relationship between Banks and Enterprises,, Cambridge Journal of Economics
  88. Boyd,, 1990, Organizational Reform and Agricultural Performance: The Case of Bulgarian Agriculture, 1960–1985,, Journal of Comparative Economics, 10.1016/0147-5967(90)90086-O · DOI
  89. Brabant,, 1980, Socialist Economic Integration. Aspects of Contemporary Economic Problems in Eastern Europe
  90. 1989, Economic Integration in Eastern Europe. A Handbook
  91. 1990, Socialist Economics: The Disequilibrium School and the Shortage Economy,, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10.1257/jep.4.2.157 · DOI
  92. Brada,, 1985, Soviet Subsidization of Eastern Europe: The Primacy of Economics over Politics?, Journal of Comparative Economics
  93. 1986, The Variability of Crop Production in Private and Socialized Agriculture: Evidence from Eastern Europe,, Journal of Political Economy, 10.1086/261389 · DOI
  94. Brecht,, 1967, Gesammelte Werke
  95. Bródy,, 1956, A hóvégi hajrá és gazdasági mechanizmusunk, Közgazdasági Szemle
  96. 1964, Az ágazati kapcsolatok modellje. A felhasznált absztrakciók, azok korlátai és a számítások pontossága
  97. 1969, Érték és ujratermelés. Kisérlet a marxi értékelmélet és újratermelési elmélet matematikai modelljének megfogalmazására
  98. 1969, Is the Business Cycle Obsolete?
  99. 1979, Prices, Production and Planning
  100. Brooks,, 1990, Soviet Agriculture's Halting Reform,, Problems of Communism
  101. Brus,, 1972, The Market in a Socialist Economy
  102. Brus,, 1989, From Marx to the Market. Socialism in Search of an Economic System
  103. Bryson,, 1987, The East German Economy
  104. Brzezinski,, 1967, The Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict
  105. 1990, The Grand Failure. The Birth and Death of Communism in the Twentieth Century
  106. Brzezinski,, 1956, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy
  107. Bundesministerium, 1987, Materialien zum Bericht zur Lage der Nation im geteilten Deutschland 1987
  108. Bunge,, 1985, North Korea: A Country Study
  109. Burkett,, 1988, Slack, Shortage and the Discouraged Consumers in Eastern Europe: Estimates Based on Smoothing by Aggregation,, Review of Economic Studies, 10.2307/2297398 · DOI
  110. 1989, Comparative Economic Systems: Models and Cases
  111. Burnham,, 1941, The Managerial Revolution
  112. Byrd,, 1990, The Market Mechanism and Economic Reforms in Chinese Industry
  113. Byrd,, 1990, China's Rural Industry. Structure, Development and Reform
  114. Calvo,, 1978, Supervision, Loss of Control, and the Optimum Size of the Firm,, Journal of Political Economy, 10.1086/260719 · DOI
  115. Campbell,, 1987, Biology
  116. Campbell,, 1978, Soviet Society and the Communist Party
  117. 1981, The Soviet‐Type Economies: Performance and Evolution
  118. Cao‐Pinna,, 1979, Consumption Patterns in Eastern and Western Europe. An Economic Comparative Approach. A Collective Study
  119. Carr,, 1974, Foundations of a Planned Economy
  120. Ceausescu,, 1978, Speeches and Writings
  121. Central, 1989, Handbook of Economic Statistics, 1989
  122. Chamberlin,, 1962, The Theory of Monopolistic Competition
  123. Chandler,, 1977, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business
  124. Chang,, 1984, The 1982–83 Overinvestment Crisis in China,, Asian Survey
  125. Chapman,, 1963, Real Wages in Soviet Russia Since 1928
  126. 1977, The Socialist Price Mechanism
  127. 1989, Income Distribution and Social Justice in the Soviet Union,, Comparative Economic Studies
  128. Charemza,, 1989, Models of Disequilibrium and Shortage in Centrally Planned Economies, 10.1007/978-94-009-0823-9_11 · DOI
  129. Charemza,, 1990, Demand for Money in a Dual‐Currency, Quantity‐Constrained Economy: Hungary and Poland, 1956–1985,, The Economic Journal, 10.2307/2233965 · DOI
  130. Charemza,, 1989, Models of Disequilibrium and Shortage in Centrally Planned Economies, 10.1007/978-94-009-0823-9_16 · DOI
  131. Chavance,, 1987, Régulation, cycles et crises dans les économies socialistes
  132. Chen,, 1988, Productivity Change in Chinese Industry: 1953–1985,, Journal of Comparative Economics, 10.1016/0147-5967(88)90104-7 · DOI
  133. Chinese, 1986, Gaige: women mianling de tiaozhan yu xuanze
  134. Chow,, 1985, The Chinese Economy
  135. Close,, 1988, Nicaragua: Politics, Economics and Society
  136. Clower,, 1965, The Theory of Interest Rates
  137. Coase,, 1937, The Nature of the Firm,, Economica, 10.2307/2626876 · DOI · Paper page
  138. Cochrane,, 1988, The Private Sector in East European Agriculture,, Problems of Communism
  139. Cohen,, 1980, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888–1938
  140. 1984, The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era
  141. 1985, Rethinking the Soviet Experience
  142. Collier,, 1986, Effective Purchasing Power in a Quantity Constrained Economy: An Estimate for the German Democratic Republic,, Review of Economics and Statistics, 10.2307/1924924 · DOI
  143. Colton,, 1986, The Dilemma of Reform in the Soviet Union
  144. Connor,, 1975, Generations and Politics in the USSR,, Problems of Communism
  145. 1979, Socialism, Politics and Equality. Hierarchy and Change in Eastern Europe and the USSR
  146. Conquest,, 1973, The Great Terror. Stalin's Purge of the Thirties
  147. 1986, The Harvest of Sorrow
  148. Csaba,, 1990, Eastern Europe in the World Economy
  149. Csákó,, 1979, Rétegződés, mobilitás és egyenlőtlenség
  150. Csikós‐Nagy,, 1985, Árpolitikánk időszerű kérdései (1985–1988)
  151. Culbertson,, 1972, Inflation in the Planned Economies: Some Estimates for Eastern Europe,, Southern Economic Journal, 10.2307/1057669 · DOI
  152. Dahl,, 1953, Politics, Economics and Welfare
  153. Dahrendorf,, 1959, Class and Class Conflict
  154. Dallago,, 1990, The Irregular Economy: The Underground Economy and the Black Labor Market
  155. Dániel,, 1975, The ‘Reflection’ of Economic Growth: Experimental Computations to Revise Synthetic Value Indicators of Output,, Acta Oeconomica
  156. 1985, The Effect of Housing Allocation on Social Inequality in Hungary,, Journal of Comparative Economics, 10.1016/0147-5967(85)90019-8 · DOI
  157. 1989, Housing Demand in a Shortage Economy: Results of a Hungarian Survey,, Acta Oeconomica
  158. Dániel,, 1987, Housing Shortage and Rents: The Hungarian Experience,, Economics of Planning, 10.1007/BF00178800 · DOI
  159. Davies,, 1980, The Socialist Offensive: The Collectivization of Soviet Agriculture, 1929–30
  160. 1989, Models of Disequilibrium and Shortage in Centrally Planned Economies
  161. 1990, The Impoverished Superpower: Perestroika and the Soviet Military Burden
  162. Davis,, 1989, Models of Disequilibrium and Shortage in Centrally Planned Economies, 10.1007/978-94-009-0823-9 · DOI
  163. Dembinski,, 1988, Quantity versus Allocation of Money: Monetary Problems of the Centrally Planned Economies Reconsidered,, Kyklos, 10.1111/j.1467-6435.1988.tb02310.x · DOI
  164. Dembinski,, 1988, The FOF Matrix Methodology
  165. Demszky,, 1987, Roundtable: Digest of the Independent Hungarian Press
  166. Deng,, 1987, Fundamental Issues in Present‐Day China
  167. 1989, Deng Xiaoping wenxuan
  168. Denison,, 1962, The Sources of Economic Growth in the United States and the Alternatives Before Us
  169. 1967, Why Do Growth Rates Differ? Post‐War Experience in Nine Western Countries
  170. Dervis,, 1982, General Equilibrium Models for Development Policy
  171. Desai,, 1976, The Production Function and Technical Change in Post‐war Soviet Industry: A Reexamination,, American Economic Review
  172. 1986, Soviet Growth Retardation,, American Economic Review
  173. 1986, The Soviet Economy: Efficiency, Technical Change and Growth Retardation
  174. 1987, The Soviet Economy: Problems and Prospects
  175. 1989, Perestroika in Perspective. The Design and Dilemmas of Soviet Reform
  176. Deutscher,, 1966, Stalin: A Political Biography
  177. Djilas,, 1991, The Contested Country. Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution, 1919–1953
  178. Djilas,, 1957, The New Class. An Analysis of the Communist System
  179. 1988, Between Revolution and Counter‐Revolution. Djilas on Gorbachev. Milovan Djilas and George Urban in Conversation,, Encounter
  180. Dobb,, 1960, Soviet Economic Development since 1917
  181. Domar,, 1989, Capitalism, Socialism, and Serfdom
  182. Drejtoria, 1989, Vjetari Statistikor I R.P.S. Të Shgipërisë
  183. Drèze,, 1976, Some Theory of Labor Management and Participation,, Econometrica, 10.2307/1914250 · DOI
  184. Dunmore,, 1980, The Stalinist Command Economy: The Soviet State Apparatus and Economic Policy, 1945–53
  185. Dyker,, 1990, Yugoslavia: Socialism, Development, and Debt
  186. Echeverri‐Gent,, 1990, Economic Reform in Three Giants
  187. Eckstein,, 1980, Quantitative Measures of China's Economic Output
  188. Ehrlich,, 1981, Disparities in Economic Development since the Industrial Revolution
  189. 1985, The Size Structure of Manufacturing Establishments and Enterprises: An International Comparison,, Journal of Comparative Economics, 10.1016/0147-5967(85)90046-0 · DOI
  190. 1985, The Economic History of Eastern Europe 1919–1975
  191. 1990, Országok versenye, Közgazdasági Szemle
  192. Ellman,, 1971, Soviet Planning Today. Proposals for an Optimally Functioning Economic System
  193. 1973, Planning Problems in the USSR: The Contribution of Mathematical Economics to Their Solution, 1960–1971
  194. 1982, Crisis in the East European Economy: The Spread of the Polish Disease
  195. 1985, Capitalism, Socialism and Convergence
  196. Engels,, 1963, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels Werke
  197. Engels,, 1964, The Communist Manifesto and the Principles of Communism
  198. Engels,, 1975, Collected Works
  199. Ericson,, 1983, Marxism, Central Planning, and the Soviet Economy: Economic Essays in Honor of Alexander Erlich
  200. 1984, The ‘Second Economy’ and Resource Allocation under Central Planning,, Journal of Comparative Economics, 10.1016/0147-5967(84)90018-0 · DOI

200 of 786 shown

Cited by

Metadata

Authors
Kornai, J.
Publisher
Oxford University PressOxford
Published
1992-05-28
DOI
10.1093/0198287763.001.0001
OpenAlex
W2487605689
Cited by
1,429
References
2
FWCI
82.52
Type
book
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.