Aesthetics of Enlightenment

May combine two claims.

Statius's poetic approach explicitly addresses and even praises his patrons' wealth within a locally inflected Epicurean framework.

“Statius's poetic approach explicitly addresses and even praises his patrons' wealth within a locally in ected Epicurean framework.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In Neapolis and surrounding Campania, elite society maintained the genteel Epicureanism of Philodemus in the late first century CE.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Both villa poems open programmatically on a pleasantly Horatian note, which nonetheless creates some problematic expectations of its own.

“Both poems open programmatically on a pleasantly Horatian note, which nonetheless creates some problematic expectations of its own.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both patrons are praised as versatile amateur poets.

“Furthermore, both patrons are praised as versatile amateur poets”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The lofty perch of the villa and its spectacular vistas are clearly identified with Pollius himself in Epicurean imagery.

“Similarly, the lofty perch of the villa and its spectacular vistas ( celsa Dicarchei speculatrix villa profundi , 2.2.3) are clearly identig7Fed with Pollius himself in Epicurean imagery (see Figure 3.2).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In Neapolis and surrounding Campania, elite society maintained the genteel Epicureanism of Philodemus in the late first century CE.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Views from above introduce a sustained set of parallels to Lucretius's De Rerum Natura.

“Views from above introduce a sustained set of parallels to the great didactic work of Roman Epicurean poetry from the early g7Frst century BCE , Lucretius's De Rerum Natura (2.2.124-133):”

• cites Lucretius, De Rerum Natura 2.2.124-133Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Polla's fiscal virtue shuns extremes: she neither hoards her wealth nor engages in usurious practices to increase it.

“Polla's g7Fscal virtue shuns extremes: she neither hoards her wealth nor engages in usurious practices to increase it (2.2.147-154):”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The quies of the sea contrasted with the storm echoes familiar Epicurean symbols for ataraxia, and Statius makes the pathetic fallacy explicit by describing the still tidal pools as 'imitating' their master's character.

“The quies of the sea contrasted with the storm echoes familiar Epicurean symbols for ataraxia , 'tranquility,' and Statius makes the pathetic fallacy explicit by describing the still tidal pools as 'imitating' their master's character.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In Neapolis and surrounding Campania, elite society maintained the genteel Epicureanism of Philodemus in the late first century CE.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the conclusion of 2.2, Statius repeats with almost formulaic precision Midas and the trope of Lydian gold, although he is more explicit about Pollius's 'wealth' as philosophical than in the ambiguous references of 1.3.

“In the poem's conclusion, Statius repeats with almost formulaic precision Midas and the trope of Lydian gold, although Statius is here more explicit about Pollius's 'wealth' as philosophical than in the ambiguous references of 1.3 (2.121-127):”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Statius suggests that his patron Vopiscus could become even wealthier without ethical harm, even if he vied with the legendary wealth of the notoriously hubristic Midas and Croesus and other Eastern potentates on gold-bearing rivers.

“Statius suggests that his patron Vopiscus could become even wealthier without ethical harm, even if he vied with the legendary wealth of the notoriously hubristic Midas and Croesus and other Eastern potentates on gold-bearing rivers.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Polla's economic behavior is expressed in pronounced ethical terms against sterile hoarding and a grasping usury that would disturb a spiritual peace.

“Polla's economic behavior is expressed in pronounced ethical terms against sterile hoarding ( infelix strangulat arca , 2.2.151) and a grasping usury that would disturb a spiritual peace.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pollius's Epicurean studies are linked to his poetic output.

“and in Pollius's case, his Epicurean studies are linked to his poetic output”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Statius's initial description in 2.2 explicitly imitates Horace Odes 2.6.

“This initial description explicitly imitates Horace Odes 2.6 where Horace rejects campaigning in Spain with Septimius for leisure in Tibur or Tarentum ( Carm. 2.6.19- 21 [ … ] et amicus Aulon/ fertili Baccho minimum Falernis/ invidet uvis ).”

• cites Horace, Carm. 2.6.19-21Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Polla charts a middle course, frankly displaying her finances to all through prudent and moderate spending, of which their lavish home is an unexpected example.

“Instead, Polla charts a middle course, frankly displaying her g7Fnances ( expositi census , 2.2.153) to all through her prudent and moderate spending, of which their lavish home is an unexpected example.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Statius praises Pollius's wife Polla in similar terms, paradoxically juxtaposing Polla's Epicurean countenance with her financial practices.

“Statius also praises Pollius's wife in similar terms, paradoxically juxtaposing Polla's Epicurean countenance with her g7Fnancial practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Felix's undistinguished cognomen provides occasion for a pun praising Pollius's lack of public stature: more 'fortunate' (felix) in his wealth than the doomed Trojans, Pollius sensibly avoids the rough and tumble of Roman public life in politics, law, or the military.

“Felix's undistinguished cognomen provides occasion for a neat pun praising Pollius's lack of public stature: more 'fortunate' ( felix ) in his wealth than the doomed Trojans, Pollius sensibly avoids the rough and tumble of Roman public life in politics, law, or the military (cf. Horace Odes 1.1.7: Hunc, si mobilium turba Quiritium/ certat tergeminis tollere honoribus ).”

• cites Horace Odes 1.1.7Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Statius's poem 2.2 to Pollius Felix is no less shy about Horatian openings or financial matters in describing the location of the Surrentine villa.

“Statius's poem 2.2 to Pollius Felix is no less shy about Horatian openings or g7Fnancial matters in describing the location of the Surrentine villa”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Like Statius, Martial also wrote 'villa poems,' including one addressed to Iulius Martialis on Martialis's house on the Roman Janiculum hill (Epigrams 4.64), but Martial places less emphasis on the materiality of the architecture or furnishings.

“Like Statius, Martial also wrote 'villa poems,' including one addressed to his friend Iulius Martialis (no relation) on Martialis's house on the Roman Janiculum hill ( Epigrams 4.64), but Martial places less emphasis on the materiality of the architecture or furnishings.”

• cites Epigrams 4.64Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Horace never endorses Philodemus's new economics.

“Horace continues to be a problematic poetic and philosophical model, however, because he never endorses Philodemus's new economics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Despite its small acreage, Martial surprisingly prefers it to fancier rural properties: Tibur, Praeneste, Setia.

“Despite its small acreage ( iugera pauca , 4.64.1 and 4.64.36), Martial surprisingly prefers it to fancier rural properties: Tibur, Praeneste, Setia.”

• cites 4.64.1Not matched

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• cites 4.64.36Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

They shared some patrons and addressees, although they never mention each other by name in any of their poetry.

“They shared some patrons and addressees, although they never mention each other by name in any of their poetry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Iulius Martialis receives other Horatian tributes to his lifestyle, such as 5.20, a charming invitation to carpe diem instead of wasting life in the urban negotium of clientela and the courtroom.

“Iulius Martialis receives other Horatian tributes to his lifestyle, such as 5.20, a charming invitation to carpe diem instead of wasting life in the urban negotium of clientela and the courtroom”

• cites 5.20Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Social discourses on real estate illustrate economic and ethical values, as homes inevitably reflect the status and self-regard of their owners.

“Social discourses on real estate illustrate values, economic and ethical, as homes inevitably re ect the status and selfregard of their owners.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Discourses of lifestyle and approaches to wealth are distinctively regional, in ancient Rome as in contemporary America.

“Discourses of lifestyle and approaches to wealth are distinctively regional, in ancient Rome as in contemporary America.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Statius's poetic innovation engages a new rhetorical approach to displays of material wealth and their social significance.

“Statius's remarkable poetic innovation engages a new rhetorical approach to displays of material wealth and their social signig7Fcance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Earlier literary and ethical treatments conventionally used lavish properties as a trope to castigate moral incontinence.

“Whereas earlier literary and ethical treatments had conventionally used lavish properties as a trope to castigate moral incontinence”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Statius's Lucretian language presents Pollius's architecture as an apt Epicurean setting for philosophical contemplation.

“Statius's Lucretian language presents Pollius's architecture as an apt Epicurean setting for philosophical contemplation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Vopiscus is prosopographically unknown, although his son attained the consulship in 114 CE.

“Vopiscus is prosopographically unknown, although his son attained the consulship in 114 CE ( CIL XIV 4242).”

• cites CIL XIV 4242Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Seneca's letters, architectural ekphrasis illustrates moral lessons about the homeowner: his own country estate comes under self-scrutiny in epistle 12; Vatia, the spurious Epicurean, is critiqued in epistle 55; and Scipio's exemplary baths teach their famous lesson in old Roman austerity in epistle 86.

“In Seneca's letters, architectural ekphrasis illustrates moral lessons about the homeowner: his own country estate comes under self-scrutiny in epistle 12 (on old age); Vatia, the spurious Epicurean, is critiqued in epistle 55; and Scipio's exemplary baths teach their famous lesson in old Roman austerity in epistle 86.”

• cites Seneca, Ep. 12Not matched

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• cites Seneca, Ep. 55Not matched

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• cites Seneca, Ep. 86Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Philodemus asserts that it is not necessary to have a lot of money, but that it can be preferable, and even facilitate the ideal of philosophical fellowship in the countryside.

“Philodemus asserts that it is not necessary to have a lot of money, but that it can be preferable, and even facilitate the ideal of philosophical fellowship in the countryside.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Horatian echoes sit uneasily with the very un-Horatian praise of Felix's wealth that hyperbolically exceeds even that of Midas.

“Horatian echoes sit uneasily with the very un-Horatian praise of Felix's wealth that hyperbolically exceeds even that of Midas.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Statius turns to Philodemus's economic philosophy to praise conspicuous consumption in Epicurean verse while calling on Lucretius and Horace as models.

“Statius turns to some local knowledge to accomplish this counterintuitive poetic task: the economic philosophy of the Epicurean philosopher, Philodemus.”

May combine two claims.

It was very different for these superrich arrivistes to have their homes publicized in poetry; they did not have the option that Pliny had to share pleasant descriptions of his own homes with friends who might like to visit.

“Certainly it was very different for these superrich arrivistes to have their homes publicized in poetry; they did not have the option that an active (albeit g7Frst -generation) senator and man of letters like Pliny had to share pleasant descriptions of his own homes with friends who might like to visit.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Philodemus in Peri oikonomias developed distinct Roman-inflected ways of thinking about money that depart from Metrodorus's Peri ploutou.

“As Elizabeth Asmis has shown in a remarkable article, in the Peri oikonomias (preserved in a respectable 30 columns), Philodemus developed his own very distinct, Roman-in ected ways of thinking about money that seem to depart signig7Fcantly from the more orthodox writings of Epicurus's disciple Metrodorus's Peri ploutou .”

• cites Asmis 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Epicurus claimed that great wealth was incompatible with freedom because more wealth brings greater anxiety, which would erode one's overall katastemic pleasure.

“Epicurus originally claimed that great wealth was incompatible with freedom because more wealth brings greater anxiety, which would erode one's overall katastemic pleasure.”

• cites Epicurus, Sententiae Vaticanae 67Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

If Statius is trying, as Newlands has argued, to present Vopiscus as an Epicurean philosopher-poet, he seems to be making an uphill way for himself.

“If Statius is trying, as Newlands has argued, to present Vopiscus as an Epicurean philosopher-poet, he seems to be making an uphill way for himself.”

• cites NewlandsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Statius knew Philodemus's treatise on wealth, 'On Household Economics,' or at least knew how wealthy homeowners in the bay of Naples used Philodemus's theories to justify their conspicuous consumption.

“It seems apparent from these poems that Statius knew Philodemus's treatise on wealth, 'On Household Economics,' Peri oikonomias, or at least he knew all too well how wealthy homeowners in the bay of Naples used Philodemus's theories on economic management to justify their conspicuous consumption.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This seems to be just the kind of self-justifying talk that has been native to the bay of Naples since the mid-first century BCE, 'that refined crater' in Cicero's phrase.

“And this seems to be just the kind of self-justifying talk that has been native to the bay of Naples since the mid-g7Frst century BCE , 'that reg7Fned crater' in Cicero's memorable phrase ( cratera illum delicatum, Letters to Atticus 2.8.2).”

• cites Cicero, Letters to Atticus 2.8.2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Whereas Horace's programmatic priamel of Odes 1.1 rejects the senseless pursuit of wealth, power, and distinction in favor of a simple life of poetry, Statius makes a virtue of a necessity, praising his wealthy patron's lack of public achievement as a wise strategy to limit risk.

“Whereas Horace's programmatic priamel of Odes 1.1 rejects the senseless pursuit of wealth, power, and distinction in favor of a simple life of poetry, Statius makes a virtue of a necessity, praising his wealthy patron's lack of public achievement as a wise strategy to limit risk.”

• cites Horace Odes 1.1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Statius was certainly knowledgeable of Philodemus's idiosyncratic ideas about wealth, and this served his patrons well.

“Statius was certainly knowledgeable of Philodemus's idiosyncratic ideas about wealth, and this served his patrons well.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Statius seems to replicate the same alternatives as Philodemus to structure his praise of Polla who engages in neither hoarding nor usury.

“It is suggestive how Statius seems to replicate the very same alternatives as we see in Philodemus to structure his praise of Polla who engages in neither hoarding nor usury.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The villa's views of the two cities exquisitely framed in its windows match Pollius's perspective from enlightened retirement.

“The villa's views of the two cities exquisitely framed in its windows thus match Pollius's perspective from enlightened retirement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This combination of poetry and philosophy recalls Philodemus, who lived across the bay from Pollius at Herculaneum.

“This combination of poetry and philosophy recalls yet another famous Epicurean philosopher and poet of the region, Philodemus, who in the previous century lived just across the bay from Pollius at Herculaneum.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Pollius Felix, although an active citizen of his native Puteoli, has left little record of his career, and Statius tactfully says little of either of their forebears.

“Similarly, Pollius Felix, although an active citizen of his native Puteoli, has left little record of his career, and Statius tactfully says little of either of their forebears (D'Arms 1970: 220- 222).”

• cites D'Arms 1970: 220-222Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

These super-rich wished to be presented as enlightened philosophers, and local Epicureanism had useful ideas about reconciling wealth with philosophical enlightenment.

“These super-rich wished to be presented as enlightened philosophers, and local Epicureanism had some useful ideas about reconciling wealth with philosophical enlightenment.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Philodemian economics enables a useful decoupling of financial moderation from traditionally modest Epicureanism.

“Philodemian economics thus enables a useful decoupling of g7Fnancial moderation from traditionally modest Epicureanism, as paradoxical as this may seem.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vopiscus's ostentatious building plan would seem to suffer by implicit comparison with Horace's modest Sabine farm.

“Once put in mind of Horace's literary Tibur and his modest and emphatically productive farm of Epistle 1.16, Vopiscus's ostentatious building plan would seem to suffer by implicit comparison.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vopiscus and Pollius are rendered immune to excessive wealth like that of Midas or Croesus because their philosophical attitude toward it is well buttressed by Philodemian economics.

“Hence, Vopiscus and Pollius are rendered immune to excessive wealth like that of Midas or Croesus because their philosophical attitude toward it is so well buttressed by Philodemian economics.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Statius's villa poems are provocative because luxury is celebrated as a sign not of moral decadence but as an essential component of moral and philosophical value.

“As Newlands has well stated, Statius's villa poems are provocative because 'luxury is celebrated as a sign not of moral decadence but as an essential component of moral and philosophical value.'”

• cites Newlands 2002: 125Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As Robin Nisbet has observed, Statius's praise of Pollius Felix stresses his patron's Epicureanism, which is expressed in the lavish house as much as in its master.

“Nonetheless, as Robin Nisbet has observed, Statius's praise of Pollius Felix stresses his patron's Epicureanism, which is expressed in the lavish house as much as in its master (2.26- 29):”

• cites Robin NisbetNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In Neapolis and surrounding Campania, elite society maintained the genteel Epicureanism of Philodemus in the late first century CE.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Horace in Odes 2.18 singles out feats of transgressive engineering for special scorn, describing ambitious coastal builders at Baiae as 'inadequately endowed with continuous/confining shoreline'.

“Horace himself in his most full-throated moralizing against aedig7Fcatores in Odes 2.18 indeed singles out feats of transgressive engineering for special scorn, describing the ambitious coastal builders at Baiae as 'inadequately endowed with continuous/cong7Fning shoreline' ( parum locuples continente ripa, Carm. 2.18.22).”

• cites Horace, Carm. 2.18.22Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This odd linkage of conspicuous consumption to Epicurean wisdom and serenity would appear entirely antithetical to conventional ideals of Epicurean moderation as found in Statius's Horatian models.

“This odd linkage of conspicuous consumption to Epicurean wisdom and serenity would appear entirely antithetical to conventional ideals of Epicurean moderation as found in Statius's Horatian models.”

May combine two claims.

Philodemus advises that making money is acceptable but not as an 'expert or a businessman'-for example, as a professional investor or faenerator.

“Philodemus also advises that making money is acceptable but not as an 'expert or a businessman' (col. 17.2-6) -for example, as a professional investor or faenerator (2.2.153).”

• cites col. 17.2-6Not matched

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• cites 2.2.153Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This Epicurean idea occurs frequently in Horace, hence his condemnation of the merchant's lifestyle in the priamel of Odes 1.1.

“This idea from Epicurus's Sententiae Vaticanae ( 67) occurs frequently in Horace-hence his condemnation of the merchant's lifestyle in the priamel of Odes 1.1.”

• cites Horace, Odes 1.1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Philodemus gives career advice, singling out two lifestyles as best: first teacher of philosophy, second gentleman farmer-not manual labor, but one who lives off income from property because it offers leisure to be a landowner and host and share gatherings with like-minded friends in the countryside.

“Philodemus gives career advice, singling out two lifestyles as the best: g7Frst is to be a teacher of philosophy and the second is to be a gentleman farmer (col. 23.7-11 )”

• cites col. 23.7-11Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A century after Philodemus in the mid-first century CE, this self-serving version of millionaire Epicureanism clearly persisted in the region: Seneca critiques this self-serving form of plutocratic Epicureanism in his epistle 55 on the coastal villa of Vatia.

“A century after Philodemus in the mid-g7Frst century CE , this self-serving version of millionaire Epicureanism clearly persisted in the region: the Stoic philosopher Seneca seems to critique this self-serving form of plutocratic Epicureanism in his epistle 55 on the coastal villa of Vatia”

• cites Seneca, Ep. 55Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

While the leisured lifestyles of Vopiscus and Pollius imitate Epicurus's meditations in the garden, their poetic and financial activities also replicate Philodemus even more closely, especially Pollius nearby in Surrentum.

“Therefore, while the leisured lifestyles of Vopiscus and Pollius imitate Epicurus's meditations in the garden, their poetic and g7Fnancial activities also replicate Philodemus even more closely (especially Pollius nearby in Surrentum).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This Horatian moral topography may import a skeptical if not outright hostile attitude to wealth; in this context, it seems unusual that Statius would choose to describe the architectural connection between the two banks with the bold mercantile metaphor of sociae commercia ... ripae.

“This Horatian moral topography may well import a certain skeptical if not outright hostile attitude to wealth; in this context, therefore, it seems unusual that Statius would choose to describe the architectural connection between the two banks with the bold mercantile metaphor of sociae commercia … ripae (1.3.3).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Martial's poem addresses the house itself, but as a stand-in for its absent owner, and seems to combine the epistolary protreptics of Epistles 1.10 and 1.14 on life in the country.

“Martial's poem addresses the house itself, but as a stand-in for its absent owner, and seems to combine the epistolary protreptics of Epistles 1.10 (to Fuscus) and 1.14 (to his spoiled vilicus ) on life in the country.”

• cites Epistles 1.10Not matched

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• cites Epistles 1.14Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Martial's poem reverses the typical Horatian preference for the country; Horace's binaries between country and city always involve comparison.

“Martial's poem reverses the typical Horatian preference for the country; Horace's binaries between country and city always involve comparison”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Martial's Horace exhibits the intimate address and escapist tendencies of the Epicurean Epistles, particularly in the poems of book 10, where Martial also contemplates a retreat to a simpler life in his native Spain.

“Martial's Horace exhibits the intimate address and escapist tendencies of the Epicurean Epistles , particularly in the poems of book 10, where Martial also contemplates a retreat to a simpler life in his native Spain.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Henderson's scare quotes reveal how familiar these millionaire Epicurean poses must have been around the crater.

“Henderson's scare quotes reveal to us how familiar these millionaire Epicurean poses must have been around the crater.”

• cites Henderson 2004: 76Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

As Statius and Martial's materialist poetics of real estate reveal, elite Roman attitudes toward wealth utilized sophisticated philosophical justifications diametrically opposed to the radical Christian values of the late first century CE.

“As Statius and Martial's materialist poetics of real estate reveal, elite Roman attitudes toward wealth utilized sophisticated philosophical justig7Fcations diametrically opposed to the radical Christian values of the late g7Frst century CE”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Another villa poem, a description of Apollinaris's villa at Formiae (10.30), seems to illustrate Martial's use of Horatian country motifs with little of the moralizing we might expect about such a lavishly appointed residence.

“Another villa poem, a description of Apollinaris's villa at Formiae (10.30), seems to illustrate Martial's use of Horatian country motifs with little of the moralizing we might expect about such a lavishly appointed residence”

• cites 10.30Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Here Martial presents a rural Horace conveniently free of moralizing attitudes toward the architectural excesses of Roman villa culture.

“Here Martial presents a rural Horace conveniently free of moralizing attitudes toward the architectural excesses of Roman villa culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Martial repeats Horatian themes of contrast between city and country, work and leisure, and the anguish at wasting time as in 5.20.

“Martial repeats Horatian themes of contrast between city and country, work and leisure, and the anguish at wasting time as in 5.20.”

• cites 5.20Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For Martial, especially in book 10 as Elena Merli has argued, Horatian sermo frames polarities between urban clientela and rural autonomy or autarkeia.

“For Martial, especially in book 10 as Elena Merli has argued, Horatian sermo frames polarities between urban clientela and rural autonomy or autarkeia .”

• cites Merli 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

'Vatia' has become a byword for lethal architectural vanitas, and the Stoic Seneca identifies him with his mausoleum-like home as a paradigm of all the disingenuous Epicureans of the region.

“'Vatia' has become a byword for lethal architectural vanitas , and the Stoic Seneca identig7Fes him with his mausoleum-like home as a paradigm of all the disingenuous Epicureans of the region.”

• cites Seneca, Ep. 55Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Despite their professional similarities, their poetic strategies and personae are often diametrically opposed: Statius represents himself as an epic poet who dabbles in light verse and lyric meters to please his like-minded philhellene friends, whereas Martial skewers Roman social hypocrisies in tart epigrams and offers himself promiscuously in the bookseller's shop.

“Despite their professional similarities, their poetic strategies and personae are often diametrically opposed: Statius represents himself as an epic poet who dabbles in light verse and lyric meters to please his like-minded philhellene friends, whereas Martial skewers Roman social hypocrisies in tart epigrams and offers himself promiscuously in the bookseller's shop.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vatia seems to have passed some dangerous Tiberian years very 'securely' in his villa near Baiae.

“Vatia seems to have passed some dangerous Tiberian years very 'securely' in his villa near Baiae.”

• cites Seneca, Ep. 55Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In his quasi-Horatian praise of the country, Martial even admires the absurd in camera fishing holes and the piscine nomenclatores who humorously represent the fruitful self-sufficiency of a true villa rustica, as Horace describes his farm to Quinctius in Epistles 1.16.

“In his quasi-Horatian praise of the country, however, Martial even admires the absurd in camera g7Fshing holes and the piscine nomenclatores who humorously represent the fruitful self-sufg7Fciency of a true villa rustica , as Horace describes his farm to Quinctius in Epistles 1.16.”

• cites Epistles 1.16Not matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Statius's combination of Philodemian economics with selective use of a more genially rustic Horace finds a parallel in his contemporary Martial's escapist epigrams.

“Statius's combination of Philodemian economics with selective use of a more genially rustic Horace g7Fnds a parallel in his contemporary Martial's escapist epigrams.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Horace could hardly have been unfamiliar with Philodemus's philosophical teachings, considering his acquaintance with L. Calpurnius Piso (the Pontifex), dedicatee of the Ars Poetica and son of Philodemus's Piso.

“Horace could hardly have been unfamiliar with Philodemus's philosophical teachings, considering his acquaintance with L. Calpurnius Piso (the Pontifex), dedicatee of the Ars Poetica and son of Philodemus's Piso.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Martial does not worry about the architectural excesses of the villa maritima, just as long as it is well out of town.

“Martial does not worry about the architectural excesses of the villa maritima , just as long as it is well out of town!”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Martial's idyllic countryside, especially as he contemplates his retirement to Spain in 95 CE, represents escape from Rome and its obligations; he frequently plays the harassed urban Horace of the Satires.

“Martial's idyllic countryside, especially as he contemplates his retirement to Spain in 95 CE , represents escape from Rome and its obligations; he frequently plays the harassed urban Horace of the Satires .”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

For these Flavian poets, Horace can be transformed into an anodyne exemplar of generous rural pleasures; Horatian tags and motifs need not contain the moralistic condemnation of excessive and unnatural building projects, the vanity of material wealth, and other conservative Epicurean themes.

“For these Flavian poets, Horace can be transformed into an anodyne exemplar of generous rural pleasures; Horatian tags and motifs need not contain the moralistic condemnation of excessive and unnatural building projects, the vanity of material wealth, and other conservative Epicurean themes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Martial's Horace, as seen in his intimate addresses to his old friend Iulius Martialis, represents the rural Epicurean, the Horace of the first-person hexameter Satires and lover of the country.

“Martial's Horace, as we see in his intimate addresses to his old friend Iulius Martialis, represents the rural Epicurean, the Horace of the g7Frst-person hexameter Satires and lover of the country.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In this epigram, Martial employs the same Philodemian assumptions as in Statius's villa poems, especially the financial advice that appears at the beginning: inherited wealth and financial security are taken for granted as the basis of a peaceful and enlightened life in the country, contrasted with the labor of the city.

“In this epigram, Martial employs the same Philodemian assumptions as in Statius's villa poems, especially the g7Fnancial advice that appears at the beginning: inherited wealth ( res non parta labore, sed relicta , 10.47.3) and g7Fnancial security are taken for granted as the basis of a peaceful and enlightened life in the country, which is as ever contrasted with the labor of the city.”

• cites 10.47.3Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Statius draws more heavily on the lyric Horace suitable to his elevated pastorals; like Martial, Statius's villa poems present a selectively edited Horace associated with Epicurean pastoral poetics.

“Statius draws more heavily on the lyric Horace suitable to his elevated pastorals; like Martial, however, Statius's villa poems present a selectively edited Horace associated with Epicurean pastoral poetics.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Statius represents a critical turning point in the literary tradition and philosophical discourses on wealth.

“Statius represents a critical turning point in the literary tradition and philosophical discourses on wealth.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In his voluminous corpus of epigrams, Martial effectively distills down literary predecessors to essential outlines.

“In his voluminous corpus of epigrams, Martial effectively distills down literary predecessors to essential outlines.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

In his villa poems, Statius developed a highly successful formula for lavish portraits in real estate.

“In his villa poems, Statius developed a highly successful formula for lavish portraits in real estate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

10.47 to Martialis is an Epicurean exhortation that reads almost like a pastiche of Horace 'lite'-all the protreptics to voluptas but none of the tiresome moralizing.

“Similarly, 10.47 to Martialis is an Epicurean exhortation that reads almost like a pastiche of Horace 'lite'-all the protreptics to voluptas but none of the tiresome moralizing”

• cites 10.47Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Seneca's letter 55 reveals the Stoic critique of the perspectives that Statius valorizes in his poetry only a few decades later; by applying the Philodemian economics of the crater, Statius legitimizes the conspicuous consumption of his patrons.

“Seneca's letter 55 reveals the Stoic critique of the perspectives that Statius valorizes in his poetry only a few decades later; by applying the Philodemian economics of the crater, he legitimizes the conspicuous consumption of his patrons.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Horace's strong moralizing messages about luxurious living and the simple pleasures of the countryside would seem to undermine Statius's attempts to appropriate him poetically.

“In particular, Horace's strong moralizing messages about luxurious living and the simple pleasures of the countryside would seem to undermine Statius's attempts to appropriate him poetically.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Martial praises the lofty view, the tranquility and remove from the noise of the city, which is especially good for sleeping-it is a perfect rus in urbe.

“Martial praises the lofty view, the tranquility and remove from the noise of the city, which is especially good for sleeping-it is a perfect rus in urbe .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

This is the escapist Horace the Roman elite would welcome at their country homes in Formiae, Circeii, or Surrentum, away from urban officia; the critical Horace of the Epistles would hardly feel welcome.

“This is the escapist Horace the Roman elite would welcome at their country homes in Formiae, Circeii, or Surrentum, away from urban ofg7Fcia ; the critical Horace of the Epistles would hardly feel welcome.”

May combine two claims.

Horace's poetry depicts more conservative Epicurean attitudes to the vanities of excessive wealth, despite his clear familiarity with Philodemus's poetry as seen from Odes 1.20 to Maecenas, which adapts Philodemus's invitation to Piso to celebrate Epicurus's birthday, the eikas.

“His poetry depicts more conservative Epicurean attitudes to the vanities of excessive wealth, despite his clear familiarity with Philodemus's poetry as we see from Odes 1.20 ( vile potabis ) to Maecenas, which adapts Philodemus's invitation to Piso to celebrate Epicurus's birthday, the Epicurean holiday known as the eikas , or 'twentieth' ( Anth. Pal. , 11.44).”

• cites Horace, Odes 1.20Not matched

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• cites Philodemus, Anth. Pal. 11.44Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

While Martial adopts a protreptic voice from Horace's more Epicurean verse, he seems to adhere more closely than Statius to a Horatian ideal of simple country pleasures.

“While Martial adopts a protreptic voice from Horace's more Epicurean verse, he seems to adhere more closely than Statius to a Horatian ideal of simple country pleasures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Statius's contemporary, Martial, probably competed for the same literary patrons as a fellow professional poet of little personal wealth or status.

“Statius's contemporary, Martial, probably competed for the same literary patrons as a fellow professional poet of little personal wealth or status.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Seneca acidly informs us, 'He knew how to hide, not how to live. It makes a big difference whether your life is leisured (otiosa) or idle (ignava)' (Ep. 55.4).

“Although people used to comment, 'O Vatia, only you know how to live,' Seneca acidly informs us, 'He knew how to hide, not how to live. It makes a big difference whether your life is leisured ( otiosa ) or idle ( ignava )' ( Ep. 55.4).”

• cites Seneca, Ep. 55.4Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.