Justin Martyr and Tatian

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Justin Martyr's First Apology made an impassioned appeal to the emperor to end persecution of Christianity and made the first serious attempt by a Christian writer to 'philosophize' Christianity, presenting the faith as the true manifestation of philosophical truth and reasoning.

“In his First Apology , Justin Martyr makes an impassioned appeal to the emperor to end the persecution of his faith; and to win the acceptance or at least the toleration of his religion, he makes the g7Frst serious attempt by a Christian writer to 'philosophize' Christianity, presenting the faith as the true manifestation of philosophical truth and reasoning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Extensive trade and mercantile activity in the Eastern Mediterranean was a key factor in the dissemination of Near Eastern culture in Greece.

“Even before the Archaic period, extensive trade and mercantile activity in the Eastern Mediterranean was recognizably a key factor in the dissemination of Near Eastern culture in Greece.”

May combine two claims.

Throughout the Archaic period, the Greeks were in frequent contact with more advanced centers of civilization and had ample opportunities to learn and absorb new ideas from them.

“Throughout the Archaic period, as evidenced by the appearance of Ionian and Carian mercenaries in the armies of the pharaohs and the kings of Babylon, the Greeks were in frequent contact with these more advanced centers of civilization and had ample opportunities to learn and absorb new ideas from them.”

May combine two claims.

Early Christian apologetic writers such as Justin and Tatian challenged the orthodoxy and anteriority of Greek culture and began the process of Christianizing the Roman intellectual elite, which culminated in the Christianization of the Roman empire in the fourth century.

“Early Christian apologetic writers such as Justin and Tatian challenged the orthodoxy and anteriority of Greek culture and began the process of Christianizing the Roman intellectual elite, which would culminate in the Christianization of the Roman empire itself in the fourth century.”

May combine two claims.

Christian reaction to Roman persecution and Greek cultural chauvinism was to adopt the barbarians' position, that of non-Greeks, and to identify themselves with the Hebrews' cultural tradition, which they claimed was superior and more ancient than the Greeks'.

“Christian reaction to these pressures was to adopt the barbarians' position, i.e. of non-Greeks, and to identify themselves with a cultural tradition they claimed was superior and more ancient than the Greeks': that of the Hebrews.”

May combine two claims.

Tatian took issue with two assertions: the claim to wisdom and the anteriority of Homer.

“It is therefore no accident that Tatian took issue with these two assertions with particular vehemence, the claim to wisdom and the anteriority of Homer.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Archaic and to a noticeable extent Classical Greece was highly susceptible to non-Greek, primarily Near Eastern, influence.

“What is certain is the fact that Archaic and to a noticeable extent Classical Greece was highly susceptible to non-Greek, primarily Near Eastern, in uence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the centuries prior to the Persian conquests in the Middle East, Greece was arguably merely a peripheral offshoot of a much wider Near Eastern and Eastern Mediterranean civilization, not an isolated, homogeneous entity.

“Indeed, in the centuries prior to the Persian conquests in the Middle East, Greece was arguably merely a peripheral offshoot of a much wider Near Eastern and Eastern Mediterranean civilization, not an isolated, homogeneous entity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It has been suggested that certain aspects of fifth-century BCE Athenian architectural design drew inspiration from imperial Persian iconography and architecture.

“It has been suggested that certain aspects of g7Ffth century BCE Athenian architectural design drew inspiration from imperial Persian iconography and architecture.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Second Sophistic movement took on the trappings of Hellenic 'nationalism' expressed in cultural chauvinism and hostility vis-à-vis the 'Barbarian.'

“The so-called Second Sophistic movement rapidly took on the trappings of Hellenic 'nationalism' that expressed itself in cultural chauvinism and hostility vis-à-vis the 'Barbarian.'”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Isocrates argued for the submission of all Greece to Athenian leadership in a 'Crusade' against the tyranny of Persia's Great King.

“the famous rhetorician Isocrates, in his numerous Panhellenic manifestos, argued for the submission of all Greece to Athenian leadership in the 'Crusade' against the evil tyranny of Persia's Great King.”

• cites IsocratesNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Babylonian astronomical works were translated into Greek, and there is some evidence of the development of Babylonian arithmetic methods in the Greek papyri.

“It is also known that Babylonian astronomical works were translated into Greek, and there is some evidence of the development of Babylonian arithmetic methods in the Greek papyri.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Classical Greek attitudes toward non-Greeks are in no way representative of earlier Greek attitudes and representations of foreign neighbors.

“What is interesting is the fact that these Classical Greek attitudes toward non-Greeks are in no way representative of earlier Greek attitudes and representations of foreign neighbors.”

May combine two claims.

In the genres of history and geography, the earliest historians such as Hecataeus and Herodotus were fond of refuting the 'absurdities' of Greek muthoi by using as evidence the supposedly superior knowledge of the Egyptian priests, thereby to some extent corroborating Tatian's claim that the Greeks learned history from the Egyptians.

“In the genres of history and geography, the earliest historians such as Hecataeus and Herodotus were fond of refuting the 'absurdities' of Greek muthoi by using as evidence the supposedly superior knowledge of the Egyptian priests, thereby to some extent corroborating Tatian's claim that the Greeks learned history from the Egyptians ( Oratio ad Graecos , ch. 1).”

• cites Oratio ad Graecos, ch. 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Greek claim to a Near Eastern origin for their founding heroes amounted to recognition of Greek debts to the Near East and reflected a desire on the part of the Greeks to be acknowledged as part of that civilized world.

“This Greek claim to a Near Eastern origin for their founding heroes in effect amounted to recognition of the Greek debts to the Near East and re ected a desire on the part of the Greeks (at least some of them) to be acknowledged as a part of that civilized world.”

May combine two claims.

In Isocrates and Plato, Athens becomes the oldest city in the world, gave civilization to the world, and invented agriculture.

“Not only are the Athenians portrayed as being intellectually and physically superior to all mankind, but also Athens itself becomes in Isocrates and Plato the oldest city in the world (not just in Greece as in Herodotus). It gave to the world civilization itself and invented among all other things even agriculture.”

• cites IsocratesNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites PlatoNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Not even Aristotle could attribute ignorance to the inhabitants of the Near East.

“What is interesting is that not even Aristotle could attribute ignorance to the inhabitants of the Near East.”

May combine two claims.

All Greek intellectuals from Solon to Plato were reputed to have visited Egypt and studied under the priests; according to Plato, Egypt possessed the most complete unbroken record of history since the most ancient times.

“All Greek intellectuals from Solon to Plato were reputed to have visited Egypt and studied under the priests; and according to Plato himself, Egypt possessed the most complete unbroken record of history since the most ancient times ( Timaeus , 22D- 23B).”

• cites Timaeus, 22D-23BNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The main purpose of Aristotle's comment was not to acknowledge the cleverness of the Asians but simply to validate the superiority of the Greeks over all other Barbarians.

“Of course the main purpose of Aristotle's comment here was not to acknowledge the cleverness of the Asians but simply to validate the superiority of the Greeks over all other Barbarians.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Greeks throughout the Classical period continued to borrow heavily from the Near East.

“Indeed, the Greeks throughout the Classical period continued to borrow heavily from the Near East.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Medical observations of Egyptian physicians were included in the body of works of Hippocrates.

“We can also note that medical observations of Egyptian physicians were included in the body of works of Hippocrates.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Aristotle claimed that the European barbarians, although possessing freedom like the Greeks, were entirely lacking in intelligence.

“Aristotle also claimed that the European barbarians, although possessing freedom like the Greeks, were entirely lacking in intelligence: 'The nations inhabiting the cold places and those of Europe are full of spirit but somewhat deg7Fcient in intelligence and skill, so that they continue comparatively free, but lacking in political organization and capacity to rule their neighbors' ( Politics , 1”

• cites Politics, 1327b.23-26Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Tatian rejected these claims and postulated an earlier date for Moses, the source of 'Barbarian' wisdom.

“Instead, he rejected these claims and postulated in turn an earlier date for Moses, the source of 'Barbarian' wisdom.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As Margaret Miller points out, the influence of the Near East on Greek material culture continued well into the middle of the fifth century.

“As Margaret Miller points out, the in uence of the Near East on Greek material culture continued well into the middle of the g7Ffth century.”

• cites Margaret MillerNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The Oratio ad Graecos is a farewell address to Greco-Roman civilization, a rhetoric of blame and scorn in stark opposition to the overblown rhetoric of praise that typifies Greek orationes such as the epitaphioi.

“The Oratio ad Graecos is then a farewell address to Greco-Roman civilization, a rhetoric of blame and scorn in stark opposition to the overblown rhetoric of praise that typig7Fes Greek orationes such as the epitaphioi that celebrate the virtues of Greek civilization.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In such an atmosphere, even Classics of Greek literature such as Homer were used to justify Hellenic anteriority over non-Greeks.

“In such an atmosphere, even the Classics of Greek literature such as Homer were used to justify Hellenic anteriority over non-Greeks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Near Eastern clothing, jewelry, furnishings, architecture, and other exotic goods were still regarded by Greeks of the Classical period as fit for emulation and provided the model of sophistication and high living for the Greek upper classes.

“Near Eastern clothing, jewelry, furnishings, architecture, and other exotic goods were still regarded by Greeks of the Classical period as being g7Ft for emulation; and they still provided the model of sophistication and high living for the Greek upper classes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Aristotle stated that the Greeks, situated in the middle of the oikoumene and blessed with both intelligence and courage, are fit to rule over all mankind.

“To conclude, he states that the Greeks who just happen to be situated in the middle of the oikoumene and are blessed with both intelligence and courage are g7Ft to rule over all mankind: 'But the Greek race participates in both characters, just as it occupies the middle position geographically, for it is both spirited and intelligent; hence it continues to be free and to have very good political”

• cites Politics, 1327b.29-33Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

As for intelligence (dianoetikon), the Greeks are seen to share this in common with the inhabitants of Asia.

“As for intelligence ( dianoetikon ), the Greeks are seen to share this in common with the inhabitants of Asia.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Accommodation and adoption of Greco-Roman cultural and intellectual norms was replaced by the wholesale rejection of Greek culture and a declaration of separation and resistance.

“Accommodation and adoption of Greco-Roman cultural and intellectual norms was replaced by the wholesale rejection of Greek culture and a declaration of separation and resistance.”

May combine two claims.

In Athenian rhetoric, the foreign states of the Near East were toppled from their lofty heights as givers of civilization, religion, and high culture to the Greeks; their place was appropriated by Athens, and non-Greek founders of Greek states such as Sparta and Thebes were used to demean and denigrate these states as less purely Greek than Athens.

“The foreign states of the Near East in Athenian rhetoric are toppled from their lofty heights as the givers of civilization, religion, and high culture to the Greeks. Their place is now appropriated by Athens, and non-Greek founders of Greek states such as Sparta and Thebes (Pelops and Cadmus) are used as a means of demeaning and denigrating these states for being less purely Greek than the”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the second century CE, Greek intellectuals had articulated a 'neo-Atticism,' ridiculed by Tatian, both in style and in spirit.

“However, in the second century CE , the Greek intellectuals had articulated a 'neo-Atticism,' ridiculed by Tatian, both in style and in spirit.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The hostility in fourth-century Athenian literature toward barbarian founders and Athenian claims to superiority amount to a radical revision and denial of past Greek attitudes.

“Thus the hostility that we have seen in fourth century Athenian literature toward barbarian founders and the Athenian claims to superiority and civilization, in fact, amount to a radical revision and denial of past Greek attitudes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Plutarch wrote an entire treatise on the supposed Malice of Herodotus because Herodotus favored barbarians over Greeks and attributed the origins of Greek culture to non-Greeks.

“Such was the xenophobia that Plutarch would write an entire treatise on the supposed Malice of Herodotus , for the historian's crime of favoring barbarians over Greeks and attributing the origins of Greek culture to non-Greeks.”

• cites [47]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There is a strong possibility that the myths relating the sufferings of Io, the fate of the Phoenician Cadmus and the Cadmids, and the story of Bellerophon may all exhibit extensive borrowings and constitute the Greek reworking of an original Semitic and Near Eastern cycle of myths.

“What is more, there is a strong possibility that the myths relating the sufferings of Io, the fate of the Phoenician Cadmus and the Cadmids, and the story of Bellerophon may all exhibit extensive borrowings and in effect constitute the Greek reworking of an original Semitic and Near Eastern cycle of myths.”

May combine two claims.

The key features of the myth of Danaus bear striking resemblance to the myth of Danel in Western Semitic mythology, and it is plausible that the later myth of Danaus drew elements from the Near Eastern myth of Danel.

“As Astour shows, the key features of the myth of Danaus bear striking resemblance to the myth of Danel in Western Semitic mythology; and it seems plausible to agree that the later myth of Danaus may have drawn elements from the Near Eastern myth of Danel.”

• cites AstourNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The violent rejection of the olive branch offered by Justin to the Roman state and its Greco-Roman intellectual elite, manifest most clearly in the brutal execution of Justin by Roman authorities, may have triggered the radical shift in tone in Tatian and other Christian intellectuals influenced by both Justin and Tatian.

“The violent rejection of the olive branch offered by his teacher Justin to the Roman state and its Greco-Roman intellectual elite, which was manifest most clearly in the brutal execution of Justin himself by the Roman authorities, may have triggered this radical shift in tone in Tatian and other Christian intellectuals in uenced by both Justin and Tatian.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Justin Martyr was brutally executed by Roman authorities.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Tatian was Justin's pupil.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the Life of Apollonius of Tyana, the wise visitor to India discovers that what had seemed Persian in origin is in fact Greek.

“Thus, in the Life of Apollonius of Tyana , the wise visitor to India discovers that what had seemed Persian in origin is in fact Greek.”

• cites [46]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Greeks of the Classical period were aware of the debts they owed to Near Eastern civilization and were ready to accept the possibility that Barbarians may possess wisdom that anticipated and to some extent surpassed the wisdom of the Greeks.

“The Greeks of the Classical period were certainly aware of the debts they owed to Near Eastern civilization, and they were ready to accept the possibility that Barbarians may possess wisdom that anticipated and to some extent surpassed the wisdom of the Greeks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Many of the skilled craftsmen in Greece were slaves or metics from the Near East and Anatolia, and Aristotle attributes to them excellence in technical skills.

“When one considers the fact that many of the skilled craftsmen in Greece were slaves or metics from the Near East and Anatolia, it comes as no surprise that Aristotle attributes to them excellence in technical skills.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Greeks were acutely conscious of the greater antiquity and splendor of the sophisticated cultures to the East.

“The Greeks were acutely conscious of the greater antiquity and splendor of the sophisticated cultures to the East.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This persecution triggered the rise of writers such as Tatian, who, rather than seek to accommodate, sought to denounce and polemically engage the host culture in an all-out intellectual war.

“which triggered the rise of writers such as Tatian, who, rather than seek to accommodate, sought to denounce and polemically engage the host culture in an all-out intellectual war.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The new Indian religion, Buddhism, when it entered China, faced no comparable 'occidentalism' among the Chinese and thus encountered fewer obstacles to the spread of its faith in the Middle kingdom.

“The new Indian religion, that is Buddhism, when it entered China, faced no comparable 'occidentalism' among the Chinese and thus encountered fewer obstacles to the spread of its faith in the Middle kingdom.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The new Indian religion, Buddhism, when it entered China, faced no comparable 'occidentalism' among the Chinese.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This orientalism toward Easterners coupled with open persecution of his religion by the Roman elite must have affected Tatian's attitude toward the established Roman authorities.

“This 'orientalism' toward Easterners coupled with open persecution of his religion by the Roman elite, some of whom regarded Christianity as nothing other than a dangerous, eastern, 'Jewish superstition,' must have affected Tatian's attitude toward the established Roman authorities.”

• cites [52]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Tatian had the bad fortune of being rejected by the Greco-Roman world and by the very community he set out to protect (his 'barbarian' Christians).

“Tatian, in contrast, had the bad fortune of not only being rejected by the Greco-Roman world but also by the very community that he set out to protect (his 'barbarian' Christians).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The strategy adopted by both religions to win converts was remarkably similar.

“Yet, the strategy adopted by both religions to win converts was remarkably similar.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

An intellectual, cultural, and historical contest was begun; and the persecuted faith eventually triumphed over the dominant Greco-Roman culture, converting it and appropriating its cultural and political legacy.

“An intellectual, cultural, and historical contest was begun; and to the surprise of just about everyone, the persecuted faith eventually triumphed over the dominant Greco-Roman culture, converting it and appropriating its cultural and political legacy.”

May combine two claims.

A new alternative intellectual universe and historical tradition was presented to both the Greco-Roman and Chinese elites, made more palatable in each case via a process of 'indigenization' and adoption by each religion of the rhetorical practices of the host culture.

“A new alternative intellectual universe and historical tradition was presented to both the Greco-Roman and Chinese elites, made more palatable in each case via a process of 'indigenization' and adoption by each religion of the rhetorical practices of the host culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The anteriority and superiority of the Biblical cultural and historical tradition that they espoused allowed the Christian church to articulate a parallel, alternative historical and cultural tradition from which to claim historical legitimacy and cultural authority.

“The anteriority and superiority of the Biblical cultural and historical tradition that they espoused allowed the Christian church to articulate a parallel, alternative historical and cultural tradition from which to claim historical legitimacy and cultural authority.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Lucian adopted Greek culture in its entirety with open arms and indulged thoroughly in the Atticisms popular among his contemporary Greek peers.

“Lucian adopted Greek culture in its entirety with open arms and indulged thoroughly in the Atticisms popular among his contemporary Greek peers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

For his subservience to Greco-Roman cultural hegemony, Lucian earned enduring fame.

“For his subservience to Greco-Roman cultural hegemony, Lucian would earn enduring fame.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the Hippocratic Treatise Airs, Waters, Places, the Asiatic, even the Ionians, is again physically inferior to the Greeks on the European side of the Aegean.

“In the Hippocratic Treatise Airs, Waters, Places , the Asiatic, even the Ionians, is again physically inferior to the Greeks on the European side of the Aegean.”

• cites [49]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [50]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [51]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.