Cited by 431Biblical Studies and InterpretationReligion, Theology, History, Judaism, ChristianityKarl Barth and Christian Theology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Impurity and Sin in Ancient Judaism

Abstract

Much has been written about ritual impurity in ancient Judaism, but the question of how the ancient Jews understood the relationship between defilement and sin has largely been ignored. This book offers a systematic exploration of the topic. The book takes the results of current research on the Hebrew Bible and applies them to early Jewish and Christian groups. The Bible, it shows, considers the moral impurity generated by sin to be entirely distinct from (but no less real than) the ritual impurity generated by bodily function such as menstruation. The book then traces the relationship between ritual and moral impurity from early Jewish sects through the New Testament and the theology of Saint Paul, and shows how Christian theology arrived at the point where the need for ritual purity was entirely rejected.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195132908.001.0001

Cites

96 of 96 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 116

  1. Aland,, 1990, Synopsis Quattor Evangeliorum
  2. Albeck,, 1952, Shishah Sidre Mishnah
  3. Alon,, 1977, Jews, Judaism, and the Classical World
  4. 1977, Jews, Judaism, and the Classical World
  5. Attridge,, 1994, Qumran Cave 4, VIII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 1
  6. Baillet,, 1982, Qumran Grotte 4, III (4Q482–4Q520)
  7. 1980, The Phansaic-Sadducean Controversies about Purity and the Qumran Texts., Journal of Jewish Studies
  8. 1996, Qumran Cave 4, XIII: The Damascus Document (4Q266–273)
  9. ———. “The Qumran-Essene Restraints on Marriage.” In Archaeology and History in the Dead Sea Scrolls, ed. Lawrence H. Schiffman, 13–24. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1990.
  10. ———. “Sadducean Elements in Qumran Law.” In The Community of the Renewed Covenant: The Notre Dame Symposium on the Dead Sea Scrolls, ed. Eugene Ulrich and James VanderKam, 27–36. Notre Dame, Ind. University of Notre Dame Press, 1994.
  11. 1994, Zab Impurity in Qumran and Rabbinic Law., Journal of Jewish Studies
  12. Beasley-Murray,, 1962, Baptism in the New Testament
  13. Be'er, Ilana. “Blood Discharge: On Female Im/Purity in the Priestly Code and in Biblical Literature.” In A Feminist Companion to Exodus to Deuteronomy, ed Athalya Brenner, 152–164. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994.
  14. Bloch, Renée. “Methodological Note for the Study of Rabbinic Literature.” In Approaches to Ancient Judaism: Theory and Practice, ed. William Scott Green, 51–75. Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press, 1978.
  15. 1987, Jesus, a New Vision: Spirit, Culture, and the Life of Discipleship
  16. 1994, Jesus in Contemporary Scholarship
  17. 1928, Studies in Sin and Atonement in the Rabbinic Literature of the First Century
  18. Cazelles,, 1979, Pureté et impureté: Ancien Testament., Dictionnaire de la Bible Supplement
  19. 1983, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha
  20. 1995, Rule of the Community and Related Documents
  21. Cohen,, 1983, Conversion to Judaism in Historical Perspective., Conservative Judaism
  22. 1987, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah
  23. ———. “Menstruants and the Sacred in Judaism and Christianity.” In Women's History and219 Ancient History, ed. Sarah B. Pomeroy, 273–299. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
  24. Corinaldi, Michael. “Purity and Conversion Norms among the Falashas.” In Between Africa and Zion: Proceedings of the First International Congress of the Society for the Study of Ethiopian Jewry, ed. Steven Kaplan, Tuder Parfitt and Emanuela Trevisan Semi, 113–124. Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute, 1995.
  25. Cothenet,, 1988, Influence d'Ézékiel sur la spritualité de Qumran., Revue de Qumran
  26. 1979, Pureté et impureté: Nouveau Testament, Dictionnaire de la Bible: Supplement
  27. Douglas,, 1993, Atonement in Leviticus., Jewish Studies Quarterly
  28. ———. “A Bird, a Mouse, a Frog, and Some Fish A New Reading of Leviticus 11.” In Literary Imagination, Ancient and Modem: Essays in Honor of David Grene, ed. Todd Breyfogle, 110–126. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
  29. 1993, The Glorious Book of Numbers., Jewish Studies Quarterly
  30. 1994, Holy Joy: Rereading Leviticus: The Anthropologist and the Believer., Conservative Judaism
  31. 1975, Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology
  32. 1999, Leviticus as Literature
  33. 1996, Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology, with a New Introduction
  34. 1969, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo
  35. 1988, Romans 1–8
  36. Epstein,, 1964, Introduction to the Text of the Mishnah
  37. 1957, Introductions to Tannaitic Literature: Mishna, Tosephta, and Halakhic Midrashim
  38. 1955, Mekhilta d'Rabbi Sim'on b. Jochai
  39. Finkelstein,, 1983, Sifra on Leviticus: According to Vatican Manuscript Assemani 66 with Variants from the Other Manuscripts, Genizah Fragments, Early Editions and Quotations by Medieval Authorities and with References to Parallel Passages and Commentaries
  40. 1993, Sifre on Deuteronomy
  41. Fitzmyer,, 1978, Divorce Among First-Century Palestinian Jews., Eretz-Israel
  42. ———. “The Dead Sea Sect and Pre-Pauline Christianity.” In Aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls, ed. Chaim Rabin and Yigael Yadin, 215–266. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1958.
  43. Fredriksen,, 1995, Did Jesus Oppose the Purity Laws?, Bible Revie
  44. 1989, Law and Philosophy: The Case of Sex in the Bible,, Semeia
  45. Funk,, 1993, The Five Gospels: The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus
  46. Gammie,, 1989, Holiness in Israel
  47. 1988, L'interprétation de la Torah d'Ézékiel dans less mss. de Qumran., Revue de Qumran
  48. 1997, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition
  49. Ginzberg,, 1976, An unknown Jewish Sect
  50. Gruber, Mayer, I. “Women in the Cult According to the Priestly Code.” In Judaic Perspectives on Ancient Israel, ed. Jacob Neusner, Baruch A. Levine, and Ernest S. Frerichs, 35–48. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987.
  51. 1991, Peshat and Derash: Plain and Applied Meaning in Rabbinic Exegesis
  52. ———“Interpreting Leviticus in the Second Temple Period. Struggling with Ambiguity.” In Reading Leviticus: A Conversation with Mary Douglas, ed. John F. A. Sawyer, 214–229 Sheffield. Sheffield Academic Press, 1996.
  53. Hauck, Friedrich, and Rudolf Meyer, “καθαρός.” In Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, ed. Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich, trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. 10 vols. Vol. Ill, 413–431. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1964–1976.
  54. Hoffmann,, 1913, Das Buch Deuteronomium: Übersetzt und Erklärt
  55. 1905, Das Buch Leviticus
  56. 1908, Midrash Tannaim on Deuteronomy
  57. Horovitz,, 1992, Siphre d'Be Rab, Fasciculus primus: Siphre ad Numeros adjecto Siphre zutta
  58. 1970, Mechilta d'Rabbi Ismael
  59. Isenberg,, 1977, Bodies, Natural and Contrived: The Work of Mary Douglas., Religious Studies Review
  60. 1937, Toledot ha-Emunah ha-Yisraeht
  61. ———. “Impurity and Sin in Ancient Judaism.” Dissertation, Columbia University, 1997.
  62. Lauterbach,, 1933, Mekilta de-Rabbi Ishmael: A Critical Edition on the Basis of the Manuscripts and Early Editions with an English Translation, Introduction and Notes
  63. Leiner,, 1960, Sidrei Toharot
  64. 1989, The JPS Torah Commentary: Leviticus
  65. 1993, Numbers 1–20: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary
  66. Licht,, 1965, The Rule Scroll: A Scroll from the Wilderness of Judaea
  67. 1957, The Thanksgiving Scroll. A Scroll from the Wilderness of Judaea
  68. 1937, Tosefeth Rishonim: A Commentary on Manuscripts of the Tosefta and Works of the Rishonim and Midrashim in Manuscripts and Rare Editions
  69. 1955, Tosefta Ki-Fshutah: A Comprehensive Commentary on the Tosefta
  70. Margulies,, 1993, Midrash Wayyikra Rabbah A Critical Edition Based on Manuscripts and Genizah Fragments with Variants and Notes
  71. 1994, A Marginal Jew Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Volume Two: Mentor, Message, and Miracles
  72. Milgrom,, 1993, Revue de Qumran
  73. 1992, A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary
  74. ———. “The Scriptural Foundations and Deviations in the Laws of Purity of the Temple Scroll” In Archaeology and History in the Dead Sea Scrolls, ed Lawrence H Schiffman, 83–99. Sheffield. JSOT Press, 1990.
  75. 1974, HMLP = A History of the Mishnaic Law of Purities
  76. 1973, The Idea of Purity in Ancient Judaism
  77. 1981, Judaism. The Evidence of the Mishnah
  78. 1994, Purity in Rabbinic Judaism, A Systemic Account: The Sources, Media, Effects, and Removal of Uncleanness
  79. 1995, Rabbinic Judaism: Structure and System
  80. ———. Sifra: An Analytical Translation. 3 vols. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988.
  81. 1977, The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew
  82. ———, and Bruce D. Chilton. “Uncleanness in Formative Judaism: A Moral or an Ontological Category?” In The Religious Study of Judaism. Description, Analysis, Interpretation, Volume Four Ideas of History, Ethics, Ontology and Religion in Formative Judaism, ed. Jacob Neusner, 81–106 Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1986.
  83. Qafih,, 1976, Mishnah with Maimonides' Commentary
  84. Qimron,, 1996, The Temple Scroll. A Critical Edition with Extensive Reconstructions, Judean Desert Studies
  85. 1994, Qumran Cave 4, V (Miqsat Ma' aś eh ha-Torah)
  86. 1986, Paul and the Law
  87. Rabin,, 1957, Qumran Studies
  88. 1958, The Zadokite Documents
  89. Rhoads, David “Social Criticism: Social Boundaries.” In Mark and Method: New Approaches in Biblical Studies, ed Janice Capel Anderson and Stephen D. Moore, 135–161 Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992.
  90. ———. “טהר.” In Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, ed. G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren, and Heinz-Josef Fabry; trans. John T. Willis, Geoffrey W. Bromiley, and David E. Green. 8 vols, to 1996. Vol. V, 288–296. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B Eerdmans, 1974–1996.
  91. ———, and G. Andre, “טמא.” In Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, ed. G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren, and Heinz-Josef Fabry; trans. John T. Willis, Geoffrey W. Bromiley, and David E. Green. 8 vols, to 1996. Vol. V, 330–342. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1974–1996.
  92. Sanders,, 1985, Jesus and Judaism
  93. 1990, Jewish Law from Jesus to the Mishnah: Five Studies
  94. 1977, Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion
  95. 1983, Paul, the Law, and the Jewish People
  96. Sawyer,, 1996, Reading Leviticus: A Conversation with Mary Douglas
  97. Schechter,, 1887, Aboth de Rabbi Nathan
  98. 1909, Aspects of Rabbinic Theology: Major Concepts of the Talmud
  99. 1910, Fragments of a Zadokite Work
  100. Schiffman,, 1985, Exclusion from the Sanctuary and the City of the Sanctuary in the Temple Scroll., Hebrew Annual Review
  101. 1976, The Halakhah at Qumran
  102. 1990, Miqsat Ma' aśeh ha-Torah and the Temple Scroll, Revue de Qumran
  103. 1994, Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls: The History of Judaism, the Background of Christianity, the Lost Library of Qumran
  104. 1983, Sectarian Law in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Courts, Testimony and the Penal Code
  105. Sharvit,, 1980, Purity and Impurity According to the Dead Sea Sect, Bet Mikra
  106. 1971, Palestinian Parties and Politics that Shaped the Old Testament
  107. Stegemann, Hartmut “The Literary Composition of the Temple Scroll and Its Status at Qumran.” In Temple Scroll Studies, ed. G. J Brooke, 123–148. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1989.
  108. 1984, Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period: Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, Qumran Sectarian Writings, Philo, Josephus
  109. 1996, John the Baptist and the Essenes., Journal of Jewish Studies
  110. VanderKam,, 1995, The Dead Sea Scrolls Today
  111. 1981, Jesus the Jew. A Historians Reading of the Gospels
  112. 1974, Sectarian Matrimonial Halakha in the Damascus Rule., Journal of Jewish Studies
  113. ———. “Leviticus.” In The Womens Bible Commentary, ed. Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringer, 36–44. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1992.
  114. Weiss,, 1862, Sifra d'Be Rab (Torat Kohanim)
  115. 226———. “The Spectrum of Priestly Impurity.” In Priesthood and Cult in Ancient Israel, ed. Gary A. Anderson and Saul M. Olyan, 150–181. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1991.
  116. 1983, The Temple Scroll

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Klawans, J.
Affiliations
Boston University (US)
Corresponding author
Klawans, Jonathan
Published
2000-11-16
OpenAlex
W624184781
Cited by
431
References
95
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
FWCI
44.67
Type
book
Language
en
Open access
closed
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Religion, Theology, History, Judaism, Christianity
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Karl Barth and Christian Theology
Keywords
ritual impurity, sin, ancient Judaism, Hebrew Bible, menstruation, New Testament, Pauline theology, Christian theology, ritual purity, physiological function

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review