Qualitative Interviewing

“We collected data from 28 semi-structured interviews about contradictions and tensions in safety practices (Brinkmann 2013), in addition to longitudinal data about the proposed events as a secondary data source to justify the choice of Daya Bay as a context.”

“The interviews were semi-structured and focused on the managers’ understanding of and experiences with both current and previous regimes, their understanding of quality and their contribution to quality improvement more generally (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“Taking an inductive approach (Brinkmann 2013), we look for the similarities between interviewers in two realms: (1) critical visions of maps and (2) experienced limitations on mapping practice.”

“As the literature suggests, in qualitative studies such as this, the average number of interviews ranges between six (Guest, Bunce, and Johnson 2006) and fifteen (Brinkmann 2013).”

“Second, it endorses methodological flexibility and abductive reasoning, moving iteratively between data and ideas, to build credible, useful knowledge (Kaushik and Walsh 2019; Brinkmann 2013 ).”

“Participants for this qualitative study were selected from the initial survey sample using purposive sampling (Brinkmann 2013).”

“As outlined in Table 3, both interview schedules included open-ended questions to encourage reflection and generate suggestions for improvement, consistent with the study’s exploratory and developmental focus (Brinkmann 2013).”

“The inter-view style was “receptive” in that interviewees had a high degree of control in answering the relatively few questions I asked (Brinkmann 2013, 31).”

“…with constructionist conceptions of the interview, we see the meaning created in the focus group discussions not as permanent “nuggets” to be “mined” (Brinkmann, 2013, p. 12) but as reflective of participants' overall “repertoires” of meaning-making (Lamont & Swidler, 2014), which are re-and…”

“This data collection technique allows us to understand the participants’ perspectives on a given topic (Brinkmann, 2013, 2017; Lune & Berg, 2017), with the possibility of deepening that understanding through conversation.”

“The semi-structured approach allowed for follow-up questions to stimulate rich description and storytelling (Brinkmann, 2013; Hammer & Wildavsky, 1993; Rubin & Rubin, 2012; Weiss, 1994).”

“Brinkmann (2013), for instance, recommended 15 participants for qualitative studies, whereas Hennink et al. (2017) argued that 16 to 24 interviews help reach meaning saturation.”

“In phenomenology it is understood that the meanings we give to different things in our life guide our actions, and we act intentionally (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“Brinkmann (2013) distinguished between the structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interview and finds that semi-structured interviews provide for “utterances that spill beyond the structure [and] are often quite important and even key to understanding answers” provided (18).”

“This qualitative study adopts a constructionist approach (Brinkmann, 2013), emphasizing the co-construction of meaning through interactions between researchers and inform-ants, as well as the socio-cultural contexts shaping the tourists’ perspectives.”

“Semi-structured interviews were selected as a research method to investigate the problems in depth and allow for dialogue (Brinkmann 2013).”

“The semi-structured interview format was chosen to balance thematic consistency and flexibility, enabling participants to elaborate on their experiences interpreting, amplifying, and responding to vernacular citizen complaints on digital platforms (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“We created an interview guide and a rough template of questions that we also shared with interviewees a couple of days in advance (Brinkmann 2013).”

“…in this study allows for an unstructured, conversational approach, underscoring the value of open interviews for generating insightful data for interpreting complex social phenomena, and providing a flexible method that adapts to the research context (Brinkmann, 2013; Cheron et al., 2022).”

“The analysis also includes two individual and two paired interviews [21] from data collection events where only one or two participants joined the session.”

“The questions were modified depending on the participant and the trajectory of the discussions, and free-flowing associations and conversations were encouraged (see Brinkmann, 2013; Gubrium et al., 2012).”

“Open-ended, semi-structured questions (Appendix A) encouraged free expression, with facilitators using follow-ups and probing questions to elicit detailed responses (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“The interviews were conducted using interview guides [41] and different prompts, such as timelines, website screenshots, and project documents, to refresh the informants’ memories.”

“We employed purposive sampling to select interviewees who could provide valuable information and possessed relevant experiences or characteristics pertinent to our inquiry (Brinkmann 2013).”

“These interviews were semi-structured, allowing for follow-up questions that generate narratives (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“We chose individual telephone interviews (Brinkmann, 2013), as only one person had the educational administrator title in each municipality and due to pragmatic reasons (e.g., to save time on trans - portation).”

“A topic guide was developed to translate the research question into open-ended questions in a language that makes sense to the respondents (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“Interviewing as a ‘knowledge-producing social practice in itself’ (Brinkmann, 2013, p. 5) employs communication techniques of active listening.”

“One-to-one depth interviews may also allow for a rapport with individual interviewees which may, in turn, illicit more in-depth answers and, subsequently, rich qualitative data (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“Qualitative research was conducted for this study as it helps in discovering the least suspected influences and outcomes in addition to the known ones (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“…the overall pattern of questioning remained consistent across the interviews, following established practice in inductive qualitative research 33 the participants were encouraged to play an active role in the interview and to shift the discussion to related subjects that the they felt to be…”

“…(9 out of 15) are moderated by a journalist, Saša Kosanović, who prefers a slightly humorous and sometimes confrontational style that suits the aims of discussing how “people justify their beliefs, deliberate about difficult matters, or give accounts of their opinions” (Brinkmann, 2013, 60).”

“An interdisciplinary focus group with different leaders from each unit, explored some of the themes that emerged during the interviews (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“A more refined sort-through adjusted that structure into a temporal or spatial logic sensible for presentation [7].”

“The interview protocols adhere to qualitative interviewing standards [42].”

“We used a semi-structured, in-depth interview with a question guide (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“Interviews and focus groups were treated not merely as data collection tools but as socially situated encounters in which knowledge is co-produced through dialogic interaction (Holstein and Gubrium 1995; Brinkmann 2013).”

“We prompted the model to conduct a semi-structured interview using a social science interview style (Brinkmann, 2013; Knott et al., 2022) following a topic guide that included several overarching themes (Supplemental Appendix A).”

“The semi-structured format ensured comparability across cases while allowing respondents to elaborate on context-specific issues (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“…behaviours and interactions of young visitors, using descriptive text and photographic records (emerson et al., 2011). semi-structured interviews (Brinkmann, 2013) complemented observation by eliciting interviewees’ own interpretations, reflections, and justifications. interviews were conducted…”

“Data was collected through semi-structured face-to-face interviews with a retrospective design [20].”

“The group format was chosen in the hopes that the social interaction among the participants would help drive the conversation and contribute to more spontaneous expressions and discussions (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“In line with the semi-structured approach (Brinkmann, 2013), all participants received the same questions, but the interviewer followed up certain responses with probing questions that allowed participants to elaborate.”

“However, the use of these methods recognizes the inherent tension between speed, rigor, and collaborative meaning-making [38].”

“Even though all participants were asked the same questions based on an interview guide, the semi-structured format (Brinkmann, 2013) allowed the interviewer to pose follow-up probing questions, encouraging participants to provide more detailed responses.”

“This approach allows us to observe how different attitudes toward the sport, professionalisation, mediatisation, and commodification developed and were managed by the jumpers (cf. Brinkmann 2013).”

“These autobiographical narratives served as the foundation for semi-structured interviews, which were conducted in accordance with the guidelines proposed by Kvale and Brinkmann (2008, as cited in Brinkmann, 2013), in order to deepen and expand on the experiences described.”

“We collected data through semi-structured interviews [29] and focus groups [30], as these methods allow participants to reflect in-depth on their experiences and contribute a range of perspectives.”

“Qualitative interviewing was used to obtain descriptions of the lived experiences of interviewees and how these impacted their attitudes [26].”